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Original Articles
Changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults after the COVID-19 outbreak
Ji-Young Kwon, Sang-Wook Song
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022101.   Published online November 5, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022101
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  • 54 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study sought to reveal changes in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) after the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to identify the groups showing the greatest changes.
METHODS
We compared the prevalence of MetS between 2017–2019 (i.e., the 3-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic) and soon after the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 among 24,564 adults ≥ 19 years of age using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MetS increased steadily between 2017 and 2020 (29.4 to 35.3%, p for trend < 0.001), with annual percent changes of 2.0%p, 2.2%p, and 1.7%p, respectively. Compared to 3 years before the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of MetS significantly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in males (6.2%p; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5 to 8.9) compared to females (1.5%p; 95% CI, -1.2 to 4.1). The age groups with the greatest increases in MetS prevalence after the COVID-19 pandemic were those in their 40s (4.6%p; 95% CI, 0.9 to 8.4) and 50s (5.8%p; 95% CI, 2.2 to 9.4). By educational background, the increase in MetS prevalence was greatest among those with a college degree or higher (5.1%p). The prevalence of MetS in high-income (5.3%p) and low-income (4.6%p) groups significantly increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The increasing trend in the overall prevalence of MetS continued during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the prevalence of MetS among adult males in their 40s and 50s increased significantly after the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea.
Summary
Korean summary
Key Message
The association between metabolic syndrome and heart failure in middle-aged male and female: Korean population-based study of 2 million individuals
Tae-Eun Kim, Hyeongsu Kim, JiDong Sung, Duk-Kyung Kim, Myoung-Soon Lee, Seong Woo Han, Hyun-Joong Kim, Sung Hea Kim, Kyu-Hyung Ryu
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022078.   Published online September 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022078
  • 1,020 View
  • 34 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Although an association is known to exist between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and heart failure (HF) risk, large longitudinal studies are limited. We investigated metabolic status as a risk factor for HF in middle-aged male and female and considered sex differences in various risk factors for HF using nationwide real-world data.
METHODS
Data obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2009 to 2016 were analyzed. A total of 2,151,597 middle-aged subjects (between 50 and 59 years old) were enrolled. Subjects were divided into 3 groups (normal, pre‐ MetS, and MetS). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between MetS and incident HF after adjusting for clinical risk factors.
RESULTS
At baseline, MetS existed in 23.77% of male and 10.58% of female. Pre-MetS and MetS increased the risk of HF: the hazard ratios of pre-MetS for incident HF were 1.508 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.287 to 1.767) in male and 1.395 (95% CI, 1.158 to 1.681) in female, and those of MetS were 1.711 (95% CI, 1.433 to 2.044) in male and 2.144 (95% CI, 1.674 to 2.747) in female. Current smoking, a low hemoglobin level, underweight (body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2), a high creatinine level, and acute myocardial infarction were also predictors of HF in both sexes.
CONCLUSIONS
Pre-MetS and MetS were identified as risk factors for HF in middle-aged male and female. The effect of MetS on the occurrence of HF was stronger in female than in male. Pre-MetS was also a predictor of HF, but was associated with a lower risk than MetS.
Summary
Korean summary
Key Message
Systematic Review
The relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Maedeh Arshadi, Elahe Hesari, Maedeh Sharafoddin, Hosein Azizi, Farzad Khodamoradi
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022050.   Published online May 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022050
  • 4,174 View
  • 297 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
A previous meta-analysis, entitled “The association between metabolic syndrome and bladder cancer susceptibility and prognosis: an updated comprehensive evidence synthesis of 95 observational studies involving 97,795,299 subjects,” focused on all observational studies, whereas in the present meta-analysis, we focused on cohort studies to obtain more accurate and stronger evidence to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify studies on the association between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer from January 1, 2000 through May 23, 2021. The pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure this relationship using a random-effects meta-analytic model. Quality appraisal was undertaken using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. In total, 56 studies were included. A statistically significant relationship was found between metabolic syndrome and bladder cancer 1.09 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.17), and there was evidence of moderate heterogeneity among these studies. Our findings also indicated statistically significant relationships between diabetes (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.31) and hypertension (RR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.13) with bladder cancer, but obesity and overweight did not present a statistically significant relationship with bladder cancer. We found no evidence of publication bias. Our analysis demonstrated statistically significant relationships between metabolic syndrome and the risk of bladder cancer. Furthermore, diabetes and hypertension were associated with the risk of bladder cancer.
Summary
Korean summary
Key Message
In this meta-analysis study, an attempt was made to investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components with bladder cancer, and as a result of this study, the relationship between metabolic syndrome and its components such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and bladder cancer was observed. Metabolic syndrome is more common among middle-aged and elderly people, and the elderly population is increasing worldwide, so the prevalence of this disease shortly may affect the healthcare system. Therefore, with correct health policies in all societies, the exorbitant costs that this disease brings can be avoided.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in 2023: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors
    Ibrahim Jubber, Sean Ong, Laura Bukavina, Peter C. Black, Eva Compérat, Ashish M. Kamat, Lambertus Kiemeney, Nathan Lawrentschuk, Seth P. Lerner, Joshua J. Meeks, Holger Moch, Andrea Necchi, Valeria Panebianco, Srikala S. Sridhar, Ariana Znaor, James W.F.
    European Urology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Articles
The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: does multivitamin use matter?
Jihae Kim, Li-Juan Tan, Hyein Jung, Yumi Roh, Kyungjoon Lim, Sangah Shin
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022039.   Published online April 19, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022039
  • 5,057 View
  • 280 Download
  • 1 Citations
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is closely associated with dietary intake; however, few studies have investigated whether the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use affect MetS in the Korean population. This study aimed to examine these effects in Korean adults.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study of 89,548 participants aged between 40 years and 69 years selected from the baseline data of the Health Examinees study conducted in Korea. Fresh vegetable and fruit consumption was assessed using a validated 106-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS and its components were defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations of fresh vegetable, fruit, and fresh vegetable+fruit consumption and multivitamin use with the prevalence of MetS.
RESULTS
Female in the highest quartile of fresh vegetable, fruit, and fresh vegetable + fruit consumption exhibited a lower prevalence of MetS than those in the lowest quartile. An inverse association with the prevalence of MetS was observed among male with only fresh vegetable consumption. The interaction between the 3 categories and multivitamin intake on the prevalence of MetS was not significant (all pinteraction>0.05), regardless of sex.
CONCLUSIONS
Multivitamin use and consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits had no significant synergistic effects. Although fresh vegetable and fruit consumption showed an inverse association with the prevalence of MetS, this relationship was not altered by multivitamin use.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 한국인 유전체역학조사사업의 도시코호트 조사에 참여한 40-69세 한국 성인 89 548명의 과일과 채소의 섭취와 종합비타민 섭취가 대사증후군에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 매일 다양한 과일과 채소를 섭취하면, 종합비타민의 섭취와 상관없이 대사증후군 유병 위험도를 낮추는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 대사증후군 예방을 위해서는 일상적인 식사에서 충분한 과일과 채소를 섭취하는 것이 권장된다.
Key Message
This study aimed to examine whether the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use affect MetS among Korean middle-aged adults. Data was from the Health Examinees Study among 89 548 subjects. Results suggested that fruits and vegetables consumption was related with a decreased prevalence of MetS. However, there was no significant synergistic effect between the consumption of fruits and vegetables and multivitamin use in further reducing MetS prevalence.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of serum water-soluble vitamin exposures with the risk of metabolic syndrome: results from NHANES 2003-2006
    Xun Pei, Junjie Yao, Simiao Ran, Haifei Lu, Shuo Yang, Yini Zhang, Miyuan Wang, Heyuan Shi, Aihua Tan
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Joint association of aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities with metabolic syndrome : the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2015
Jungjun Lim, Soyoung Park, Joon-Sik Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021096.   Published online November 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021096
  • 5,315 View
  • 130 Download
  • 4 Citations
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The study aimed to examine whether simultaneously meeting the combined guidelines of accelerometer-assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and self-reported muscle-strengthening activity (MSA) was associated with lower odds of metabolic syndrome (MetS) than meeting neither or 1 of the guidelines among the Koreans.
METHODS
This cross-sectional analysis included 1,355 participants from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2015). Logistic regression was used to analyze the associations across groups of MVPA-MSA guideline adherence (meeting neither [reference]; meeting MVPA only; meeting MSA only; meeting both MVPS and MSA) with MetS components (abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], hypertension, and hyperglycemia). The odds ratios (ORs) were adjusted for covariates (e.g., sex, age, body mass index, and accelerometer wearing time).
RESULTS
MSA only significantly reduced the OR for abdominal obesity (OR, 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 0.91). Meeting both MVPA and MSA reduced the OR for hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.88) and low HDL-C (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.68). Compared to meeting neither, MVPA only (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.89) and both MVPA and MSA (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.76) significantly reduced the OR for MetS.
CONCLUSIONS
Combined MVPA-MSA was more beneficially associated with MetS prevalence than MVPA only and MSA only. Considering that more than 85% of Korean adults do not meet both the MVPA and MSA guidelines, public health actions to promote adherence should be supported.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 2014-2015 국민건강영양조사 자료의 가속도계 자료와 신체활동 설문지를 활용하여 한국 성인의 유산소 신체활동과 근력강화운동 지침 충족 여부에 따른 대사증후군의 오즈비를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 유산소 신체활동과 근력강화운동 지침을 모두 충족한 한국 성인은 둘 중 하나의 지침만을 충족하거나, 모두 충족하지 않는 성인에 비해 더 낮은 오즈비를 나타내었다.
Key Message
In this study, the 2014-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the odds ratio of metabolic syndrome was confirmed according to the guidelines for aerobic physical activities and muscle-strengthening activities were met in Korean adults. As a result, Korean adults who met both the guidelines for aerobic physical activity and muscle-strengthening activities showed a lower odds ratio than adults who met only one of the guidelines or did not meet both guidelines.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The effect of Tabata-style functional high-intensity interval training on cardiometabolic health and physical activity in female university students
    Yining Lu, Huw D. Wiltshire, Julien Steven Baker, Qiaojun Wang, Shanshan Ying
    Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association of Aerobic and Muscle-strengthening Activities with AIP in Korean Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2019
    Jungjun Lim, Yang Hei, Yeonsoo Kim
    Journal of Korean Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women.2022; 36(3): 245.     CrossRef
  • Current status of health promotion in Korea
    Soo Young Kim
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776.     CrossRef
  • Aerobic or Muscle-Strengthening Physical Activity: Which Is Better for Health?
    Angelique G. Brellenthin, Jason A. Bennie, Duck-chul Lee
    Current Sports Medicine Reports.2022; 21(8): 272.     CrossRef
Cohort Profile
Cohort profile: the Ewha Birth and Growth Study
Hye Ah Lee, Bohyun Park, Jungwon Min, Eun Jeong Choi, Ui Jeong Kim, Hyun Jin Park, Eun Ae Park, Su Jin Cho, Hae Soon Kim, Hwayoung Lee, Young Ju Kim, Young Sun Hong, Eui-Jung Kim, Eun Hee Ha, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021016.   Published online February 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021016
  • 8,857 View
  • 362 Download
  • 9 Citations
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
With the introduction of life-course epidemiology, researchers realized the importance of identifying risk factors in early life to prevent chronic diseases. This led to the establishment of the Ewha Birth and Growth Study in 2001; the study is a prospective birth cohort designed to provide evidence of early life risk factors for a child’s growth and health. Participants were recruited from those who visited Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital (a tertiary hospital in southwest Seoul, Korea) for prenatal care at 24-28 weeks of gestation. In total, 891 mothers enrolled in this study between 2001 and 2006 and their offspring (n=940) were followed-up. Regular check-up examinations of offspring were conducted at 3 years, 5 years, and 7 years of age and every year thereafter. To consider age-related health issues, extensive data were collected using questionnaires and measurements. In 2021, the study subjects will reach 19 years of age, and we are planning a check-up examination for early adulthood. About 20 years have passed since the cohort data were collected, and we have published results on childhood health outcomes associated with prenatal and birth characteristics, genetic and epigenetic characteristics related to childhood metabolism, the effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors, and dietary patterns in childhood. Recently, we started reporting on topics related to adolescent health. The findings will facilitate identification of early life risk factors for chronic diseases and the development of interventions for diseases later in life.
Summary
Korean summary
이화영아성장코호트는 만성질환 예방을 위한 생애초기 위험인자에 대한 근거를 제공하기 위해 2001년에 시작되었습니다. 이화영아성장코호트는 국내에서 선도적인 장기 추적관찰 연구로, 소아기 건강과 관련된 산전 및 출생 시 특징, 소아기 대사와 관련된 유전적 혹은 후성학적 특성, 내분비 장애물질 노출에 따른 영향, 소아기의 식이패턴과 같은 다양한 연구결과들을 발표하였습니다. 추후 청년기의 자료 수집을 계획하고 있으며, 우리의 연구결과는 만성질환 예방을 위한 중재 개발에 기여할 것으로 기대됩니다.
Key Message
To provide evidence of early life risk factors for the prevention of chronic diseases, the Ewha Birth and Growth Study was started in 2001. The Ewha Birth and Growth cohort is a leading long-term follow-up study in Korea, and we have published results on childhood health outcomes associated with prenatal and birth characteristics, genetic and epigenetic characteristics related to childhood metabolism, the effects of exposure to endocrine disruptors, and dietary patterns in childhood. We are planning to collect data for early adulthood, and our findings will contribute to the development of interventions to prevent chronic diseases.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Prospective association between phthalate exposure in childhood and liver function in adolescence: the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study
    Seonhwa Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Bohyun Park, Hyejin Han, Young Sun Hong, Eun Hee Ha, Hyesook Park
    Environmental Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • BMI trajectory and inflammatory effects on metabolic syndrome in adolescents
    Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Hyunjin Park, Hye Ah Lee, Bohyun Park, Jungwon Min, Eun Ae Park, Su Jin Cho, Hae Soon Kim, Hwayoung Lee, Young Ju Kim, Young Sun Hong, Eun Hee Ha, Seungyoun Jung, Hyesook Park
    Pediatric Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Effect of Childhood Obesity or Sarcopenic Obesity on Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Adolescence: The Ewha Birth and Growth Study
    Hyunjin Park, Seunghee Jun, Hye-Ah Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Young Sun Hong, Hyesook Park
    Metabolites.2023; 13(1): 133.     CrossRef
  • Synergistic effect of serum uric acid and body mass index trajectories during middle to late childhood on elevation of liver enzymes in early adolescence: Findings from the Ewha Birth and Growth Study
    Sung Hee Lee, Eun Jeong Choi, Ui Jeong Kim, Hyunjin Park, Bomi Park, Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park, Linglin Xie
    PLOS ONE.2023; 18(4): e0282830.     CrossRef
  • The association between urinary cotinine level and metabolic syndrome profiles among adolescents: findings from the Ewha Birth and growth study
    Hyunjin Park, Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun Jeong Choi, Seunghee Jun, Bomi Park, Hye Ah Lee, Hae Soon Kim, Hyesook Park
    BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Mediating Effect of Inflammation between the Dietary and Health-Related Behaviors and Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescence
    Ui-Jeong Kim, Eun-Jeong Choi, Hyunjin Park, Hye-Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Haesoon Kim, Youngsun Hong, Seungyoun Jung, Hyesook Park
    Nutrients.2022; 14(11): 2339.     CrossRef
  • Precision medicine via the integration of phenotype-genotype information in neonatal genome project
    Xinran Dong, Tiantian Xiao, Bin Chen, Yulan Lu, Wenhao Zhou
    Fundamental Research.2022; 2(6): 873.     CrossRef
  • Association of participation in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 with mental disorders and suicidal behaviour
    Martta Kerkelä, Mika Gissler, Juha Veijola
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022005.     CrossRef
  • Trajectory patterns for continuous metabolic syndrome score in childhood and the cardiovascular risk in adolescence
    Eun Jeong Choi, Hye Ah Lee, Bomi Park, Bohyun Park, Hae Soon Kim, Young Sun Hong, Hyesook Park
    Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Comparison between walking and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity: associations with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults
Ki-Yong An
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020066.   Published online October 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020066
  • 6,693 View
  • 131 Download
  • 7 Citations
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to compare moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with walking in terms of associations with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults.
METHODS
Data on 1,388 older adults (age ≥65 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018 were analyzed in this study. MVPA time and walking time per week were used as physical activity variables and blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were analyzed as metabolic syndrome components. Partial correlations, analysis of covariance, and multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
RESULTS
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the low MVPA/high walking and high MVPA/ high walking groups than in the low MVPA/low walking group. Triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the high MVPA/ high walking group than in the low MVPA/low walking and low MVPA/high walking groups. Engaging in <150 min/wk of MVPA increased the likelihood of abnormal blood pressure and metabolic syndrome by 1.81 times and 1.89 times, respectively, compared to ≥150 min/wk of MVPA. Engaging in <180 min/wk of walking raised the likelihood of having abnormal highdensity lipoprotein levels by 1.32 times compared to ≥180 min/wk of walking.
CONCLUSIONS
Not only MVPA but also walking was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome components in Korean older adults. Considering older adults’ preferences and exercise barriers, walking should be considered as an essential component of physical activity guidelines to prevent chronic diseases in older adults.
Summary
Korean summary
현재까지 저강도 신체활동 (걷기)은 중고강도 신체활동에 비해 상대적으로 그 중요성이 간과되어 왔다. 하지만 본 연구는 저강도 신체활동도 중고강도 신체활동 못지 않게 노인들에게서 대사증후군을 예방할 수 있는 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 보여준다. 게다가 노인들의 신체적 제약, 부상의 위험, 운동 선호도 등을 감안하면 걷기와 같은 저강도 신체활동은 노인들의 건강유지를 위한 신체활동 권고사항의 필수요소로 고려되어야 함을 제안한다.
Key Message

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Differences in the Correlation between the Built Environment and Walking, Moderate, and Vigorous Physical Activity among the Elderly in Low- and High-Income Areas
    Peng Zang, Fei Xian, Hualong Qiu, Shifa Ma, Hongxu Guo, Mengrui Wang, Linchuan Yang
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(3): 1894.     CrossRef
  • A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Health and Physical Activity Level in the Spanish Population
    Ángel Denche-Zamorano, María Mendoza-Muñoz, Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Laura Muñoz-Bermejo, Jorge Rojo-Ramos, Raquel Pastor-Cisneros, Frano Giakoni-Ramírez, Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf, Sabina Barrios-Fernandez
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(9): 5656.     CrossRef
  • Hand Grip Strength and Likelihood of Moderate-to-Severe Airflow Limitation in the General Population
    Sunyoung Kim, Hyoung Kyu Yoon, Chin Kook Rhee, Hee-Won Jung, Hyun Lee, Yong Suk Jo
    International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.2022; Volume 17: 1237.     CrossRef
  • The neighbourhood environment and profiles of the metabolic syndrome
    Anthony Barnett, Erika Martino, Luke D. Knibbs, Jonathan E. Shaw, David W. Dunstan, Dianna J. Magliano, David Donaire-Gonzalez, Ester Cerin
    Environmental Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A Non-Randomized Combined Program of Walking and Low-Load Resistance Exercise Improves Cognitive Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Elderly Women
    Jeonghyeon Kim, Seamon Kang, Haeryun Hong, Mingyu Joo, Hyunsik Kang
    Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 2106.     CrossRef
  • Accuracy of steps measured by smartphones-based WeRun compared with ActiGraph-GT3X accelerometer in free-living conditions
    Qinqin Yao, Jing Wang, Yucong Sun, Li Zhang, Shuangyuan Sun, Minna Cheng, Qinping Yang, Siyuan Wang, Ling Huang, Tao Lin, Yingnan Jia
    Frontiers in Public Health.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations of Walking Activity With Hypertensive Mediated Organ Damage in Community-Dwelling Elderly Chinese: The Northern Shanghai Study
    Yuyan Lyu, Shikai Yu, Chen Chi, Jiadela Teliewubai, Jue Li, Jacques Blacher, Jun Pu, Yi Zhang, Yawei Xu
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
Brief Communication
Testosterone levels and cause-specific mortality in the older French men without metabolic syndrome
Nasser Laouali, Sylvie Brailly-Tabard, Catherine Helmer, Marie-Laure Ancelin, Christophe Tzourio, Alexis Elbaz, Anne Guiochon-Mantel, Marianne Canonico
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020036.   Published online June 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020036
  • 8,767 View
  • 121 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies have reported controversial findings regarding the association of testosterone with mortality in older men. This heterogeneity might be partially explained by comorbidities and the presence of metabolic syndrome, as well as differential associations according to causes of death.
METHODS
We used data from a random subsample of the Three-City study, in which hormone levels were measured in 338 men ≥65 years without metabolic syndrome who were followed-up for 12 years. Vital status was determined for all participants from different sources. We used inverse-probability-weighted Cox regression to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of cause-specific mortality and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
Over the follow-up period, 130 men died (30 from cardiovascular disease, 45 from cancer, 55 from other causes). The association of testosterone with mortality showed significant heterogeneity across causes of death (p=0.027 and p=0.022 for total and bioavailable testosterone, respectively). Higher testosterone levels were associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (HR for 1-standard deviation increase, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.28 to 2.71 and 1.50; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.17 for total and bioavailable testosterone, respectively). By contrast, there were no significant associations of testosterone with mortality from cancer and other causes.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that the association of testosterone with mortality in men without metabolic syndrome might be differential according to the cause of death. These findings may partially explain the heterogeneity across studies on the relationship between testosterone levels and mortality.
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Review
The criteria for metabolic syndrome and the national health screening and education system in Japan
Kazumasa Yamagishi, Hiroyasu Iso
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017003.   Published online January 6, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017003
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  • 62 Citations
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Abstract
Two major definitions of metabolic syndrome have been proposed. One focuses on the accumulation of risk factors, a measure used by the American Heart Association (AHA) and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); the other focuses on abdominal obesity, a measure used by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the Japanese government. The latter definition takes waist circumference (WC) into consideration as an obligatory component, whereas the former does not. In 2009, the IDF, NHLBI, AHA, and other organizations attempted to unify these criteria; as a result, WC is no longer an obligatory component of those systems, while it remains obligatory in the Japanese criteria. In 2008, a new Japanese cardiovascular screening and education system focused on metabolic syndrome was launched. People undergoing screening are classified into three groups according to the presence of abdominal obesity and the number of metabolic risk factors, and receive health educational support from insurers. This system has yielded several beneficial outcomes: the visibility of metabolic syndrome at the population level has drastically improved; preventive measures have been directed toward metabolic syndrome, which is expected to become more prevalent in future generations; and a post-screening education system has been established. However, several problems with the current system have been identified and are under debate. In this review, we discuss topics related to metabolic syndrome, including (1) the Japanese criteria for metabolic syndrome; (2) metabolic syndrome and the universal health screening and education system; and (3) recent debates about Japanese criteria for metabolic syndrome.
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Original Articles
Association Between Earlobe Crease and the Metabolic Syndrome in a Cross-sectional Study
Eun Hee Kang, Hee Cheol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012004.   Published online August 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012004
  • 15,545 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES

Several studies found a significant association between earlobe crease (ELC) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a group of high-risk factors that are a collection of cardiovascular risk factors. Scant data are available about the relationship between ELC and MS. The purpose of the current study was to examine the correlation between ELC and MS.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was performed on 3,835 subjects (1,672 females, 43.6%) aged 20 to 79 years who visited a health promotion center. To increase the reliability of the diagnosis of MS, both the modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were applied. Independent association between ELC and MS was assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis after adjusting for confounding variables.

RESULTS

The frequency of ELC was 20.89% and the prevalence of MS was 11.03% (NCEP criteria) and 9.75% (IDF criteria). The prevalence of both ELC and MS significantly increased with age. The modified Framingham risk score was significantly higher in subjects with ELC than without. After adjusting for conventional risk factors for CVD, the risk of MS increased significantly in the presence of ELC.

CONCLUSION

The current study showed that the odds ratio for MS increased in the presence of ELC in Korean adults. ELC is an auxiliary indicator of MS, although prognostic value might be limited. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical significance of ELC.
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Citations

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  • The Relationship between the Presence of an Earlobe Crease and Overactive Bladder: A Cross-Sectional Case-Controlled Study
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Comparison of Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Between Korean Emigrants and Host Country Residents in Japan and China-The Korean Emigrant Study
Myung-Hee Shin, Mi Kyung Kim, Zhong Min Li, Hyun-Kyung Oh, Soo Ryang Kim, Miyuki Taniguchi, Jinnv Fang
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010005.   Published online May 7, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010005
  • 13,735 View
  • 111 Download
  • 4 Citations
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES

This study aims to compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome between Korean emigrants (KEs) and their host country residents in Japan and China.

METHODS

The Korean Emigrant Study (KES) is a cohort study initiated in 2005 to elucidate the effect of genetic susceptibility and environmental change on hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Equal numbers of KEs and host country residents, aged 30 or over, were recruited from three regions; Kobe-Osaka in Japan (total number=965), Yanbian in China (n=1,019), and Changchun in China (n=949).

RESULTS

The age-adjusted prevalences of metabolic syndrome among KEs in Kobe-Osaka were significantly higher than those among Japanese (in men 24.0% vs. 15.6%, p=0.04, in women 8.4% vs. 2.7%, p=0.01), while the age-adjusted prevalences among KEs in Changchun were similar to those among Chinese (in men 11.7% vs. 16.1%, p=0.37, in women 28.3% vs. 30.1%, p=0.91). The age-adjusted prevalences were generally higher in Yanbian than other regions, and KEs had higher prevalence than Chinese in men but not in women (in men 37.9% vs. 28.3%, p=0.03, women 46.0% vs. 50.6%, p=0.44). The components with significant ethnic differences in prevalence were high blood pressure and abdominal obesity in Japan, and triglyceride in China. The most influential component in diagnosing metabolic syndrome was abdominal obesity in men and triglyceride in women.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in KEs than in host country residents in Japan but not in China. Abdominal obesity and triglyceride are both discriminating and influential components in metabolic syndrome.
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Citations

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  • New Common and Rare Variants Influencing Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components in a Korean Population
    Ho-Sun Lee, Yongkang Kim, Taesung Park
    Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cohort Profile: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) Consortium
    Yeonjung Kim, Bok-Ghee Han
    International Journal of Epidemiology.2017; 46(2): e20.     CrossRef
  • Is There Disparity in Cardiovascular Health Between Migrant Workers and Native Workers?
    Hyeonkyeong Lee, Sunghye Cho, Yune Kyong Kim, Jung Hee Kim
    Workplace Health & Safety.2016; 64(8): 350.     CrossRef
  • Coffee Intake and Liver Enzyme Association in Korean Immigrants and Japanese: A Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Study
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    Digestive Diseases.2016; 34(6): 665.     CrossRef
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Alcohol drinking and Smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
Hee Sung Ha, Hyeon Woo Yim, Yong Moon Park, Jin Hee Lee, Seung Hwan Lee, Hyuk Sang Kwon, Kun Ho Yoon, Ho Young Son, Moo Il Kang, Won Chul Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):281-293.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.281
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Abstract
PURPOSE
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increasing markedly in rural area of Korea. Alcohol drinking and smoking are the main risk factors which shows the highest prevalence rate among the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and alcohol drinking and smoking histories in a rural area of Korea.
METHODS
Data was obtained from 1,332(507 men, 825 women) individuals aged over 40 years who lived in rural area of Chungju city in 2007. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP ATP III criteria and waist circumference was defined by WHO-APR(Asia Pacific Region). Data analysis was carried out using SAS version 8.02.
RESULTS
In men, adjusted odds ratio for metabolic syndrome was 2.78(1.09-7.05) for current alcohol drinker, 2.75(1.38-5.51) for past alcohol drinker, 3.25(1.58-6.67) for under 21 years old at start of alcohol drinking, 2.62(1.12-6.11) for light alcohol drinker, 6.01(2.65-13.64) for heavy alcohol drinker. In women, all the alcohol related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome. For all the smoking related risk factors were not statistically significant with metabolic syndrome in men and women. Adjusted odds ratio of alcohol drinking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for high blood pressure, high fasting glucose and hypertriglyceridemia in men and abdominal obesity in women. Adjusted odds ratio of cigarette smoking habits for each components of diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome was significant for abdominal obesity in women.
CONCLUSION
Controlling alcohol drinking habits in men should be reinforced in order to prevent the metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Korea.
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Relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and metabolic syndrome among Korean non-diabetic adults.
Wee Hyun Park, Shung Chull Chae, Byung Yeol Chun, Kyung Eun Lee, Bo Wan Kim, Jung Guk Kim, Ji Seun Lim, Sun Kyun Park
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):206-215.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.206
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate the association of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults.
METHODS
This study was conducted in a rural area, South Korea from August, 2003 to November, 2003. The study subjects were 1,023 sampled persons aged from 40 years and older (male 377, female 646). We analyzed the association between GGT with metabolic syndrome by multiple logistic regression analysis using SAS 9.1 version.
RESULTS
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this study was 28.8%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was increased by quartiles of serum GGT level (P for trend <0.05). The prevalence of metabolic alterations fitting the criteria of the metabolic syndrome by quartiles of serum GGT level were almost significantly increased except for the criterion of low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol with adjustment for age and alcohol intake. Among 5 components of metabolic syndrome, the criterion of high serum triglyceride was most powerfully associated with serum GGT level in both gender.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that serum GGT level was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome even after excluding diabetic adults.
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  • Relations between Normal Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase and Risk Factors of Coronary Heart Diseases according to Age and Gender
    Se Young Kwon, Young Ak Na
    Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2016; 48(1): 22.     CrossRef
  • The Association between Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase within Normal Range and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: Based on the Framingham Risk Score
    Hae-Jin Ko, Chang-Su Choi, Chang-Ho Youn, Duk-Hee Lee, Sung-Guk Lee
    The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(1): 21.     CrossRef
  • Letter: The Association between Serum Gamma-glutamyltransferase within Normal Range and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases: Based on the Framingham Risk Score (Korean J Obes Vol.22 No.1 2013)
    Hye Jin Yoo
    The Korean Journal of Obesity.2013; 22(4): 259.     CrossRef
Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels in Korean Adults : The Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III), 2005.
Mi Ah Han, So Yeon Ryu, Jong Park, Myung Geun Kang, Ki Soon Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(1):25-33.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.1.25
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Abstract
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the metabolic syndrome and alanine aminotransferase(SGPT) levels in Korean adults.
METHODS
The study subjects were 4,325 adults aged > or = 19 years without an apparent cause of liver disease from the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2005). The metabolic syndrome was defined using criteria established by the NCEP/ATP III, while abdominal obesity was assessed based on the Asia-Pacific guidelines. Subjects with SGPT > or = 40 IU/L were considered to have elevated SGPT levels. Demographic characteristics, waist circumference, blood pressure, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, fasting blood sugar were recorded for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of elevated SGPT levels was significantly increase with the presence of the metabolic syndrome and its components. In multiple logistic regression analyses, odds ratio for the elevated SGPT levels was significantly high in the subjects with the metabolic syndrome compared to the subjects without metabolic syndrome after adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and health-related behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
The metabolic syndrome was independently associated with SGPT levels in Korean adults.
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Insulin resistance and cancer.
Hee Jin Kim, Sun Ha Jee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2005;27(2):38-50.
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Abstract
Both obesity and diabetes have been proposed as risk factors of cancer. Obesity may be a more significant health problem, which can increase the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease, which is the most common cause of death. Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are suspected of being correlated with cancer risk. Most studies are carried out on the assumption that obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are different conditions. However, they have common risk factors-smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity. Although the pathways leading to these diseases are unknown, we brought a focus into the multi-dimensional pathways instead of single pathogenesis. The interaction between pathogenesis can be thought to start from risk factors, and through pathogenesis, diseases can also lead to a severe cause of death. Epidemic of obesity and diabetes is a significant and growing public health problem. This paper reviewed the evidences of the correlation between insulin resistances and cancer and we explored whether insulin resistance may contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.