Higher energy consumption in the evening is associated with increased odds of obesity and metabolic syndrome: findings from the 2016–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (7 th KNHANES)

Sarang Jeong; Hajoung Lee; Sukyoung Jung; Jee Young Kim; Sohyun Park

doi:10.4178/epih.e2023087

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Original article Higher energy consumption in the evening is associated with increased odds of obesity and metabolic syndrome: findings from the 2016–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (7 th KNHANES): Sarang Jeong¹ , Hajoung Lee² , Sukyoung Jung^3,4 , Jee Young Kim⁵ , Sohyun Park^6,1; Epidemiol Health 2023;e2023087
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023087 [Accepted]
Published online: September 19, 2023

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¹The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea, Chuncheon, Korea

²EyeLight Data Science Laboratory, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, Seoul, Korea

³Chungnam National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea, Daejeon, Korea

⁴Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA, Washington, United States

⁵National Food Safety Information Service, Seoul, South Korea, Seoul, Korea

⁶Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24252, Korea, Chuncheon , Korea

Corresponding author: Jee Young Kim,
Email: sopark@hallym.ac.kr
Sohyun Park,
Email: sopark@hallym.ac.kr

Received: 14 May 2023 • Revised: 11 August 2023 • Accepted: 4 September 2023

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Chrono-nutrition emphasizes meal timing in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. This study explores the impact of temporal dietary patterns(TDPs) on obesity and metabolic syndrome(MetS) in Korean adults aged 20 to 65 years.
METHODS
We utilized dynamic time warping method and Kernel k-means clustering to investigate diet quality and the odds ratios(ORs) of obesity and MetS with different TDPs using data from the 7th Korea Nutrition and Health Examination Survey.
RESULTS
Participants were divided into three groups based on relative energy intake over 24 hours. After adjusting for age and gender, Cluster 3(with the highest proportion of energy intake in the evening) had the lowest Healthy Eating Index scores compared to other clusters. Following adjustment for key covariates, Cluster 3 showed the highest values for Body Mass Index, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Compared to Cluster 1(with a lower proportion of energy intake in the evening), Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 had ORs for obesity of 1.12 (95% Confidence Interval(CI), 0.97–1.30) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03–1.37), respectively. For MetS, the ORs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.08–1.48) and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17–1.61) when comparing Cluster 2 and 3 to Cluster 1.
CONCLUSIONS
This study reveals that individuals with higher energy intake in the evening have increased odds of obesity and MetS, even after adjusting for major covariates, including age and total energy intake.

Keywords: Temporal dietary Patterns; Dynamic time warping; Chrono-nutrition; Meal timing; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity;

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