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1Department of Public Health, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
3Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea
© 2022, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: Yang YS, Jung KJ, Kimm H. Data curation: Lee S, Yang YS. Formal analysis: Yang YS. Funding acquisition: Jee SH. Methodology: Yang YS, Jung KJ. Writing – original draft: Yang YS, Moon S. Writing – review & editing: Jung KJ, Yang YS, Kimm H, Lee S, Jee SH.
FUNDING
This study was supported by the National R&D Program for Cancer Control through the National Cancer Center (NCC) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (HA21- C0142). This study was supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HA16C0012).
Characteristics | PY of follow-up | General population | PY of follow-up | Cancer survivors |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n) | 40,433,731 | 1,637,287 | 4,332,402 | 200,834 |
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Age (yr) | 42.9±13.4 | 48.9±12.0 | ||
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Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.1±17.2 | 124.7±18.1 | ||
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Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.9±2.9 | 23.2±2.9 | ||
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Gender | ||||
Men | 24,309,046 | 989,744 (60.5) | 2,867,569 | 136,000 (67.7) |
Women | 16,124,685 | 647,543 (39.5) | 1,464,833 | 64,834 (32.3) |
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Age (yr) | ||||
<30 | 8,241,717 | 310,284 (19.0) | 370,092 | 14,484 (7.2) |
30–39 | 11,142,966 | 418,200 (25.5) | 762,421 | 30,882 (15.4) |
40–49 | 9,695,843 | 377,986 (23.1) | 1,177,193 | 50,762 (25.3) |
50–59 | 782,292 | 332,136 (20.3) | 1,416,419 | 67,612 (33.7) |
60–69 | 2,805,424 | 144,009 (8.8) | 516,101 | 30,043 (15.0) |
≥70 | 724,789 | 54,672 (3.3) | 90,175 | 7,051 (3.5) |
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Smoking status | ||||
Ex-smoking [men] | 4,929,293 [4,707,908] | 205,467 (12.6) [11.9] | 616,691 [592,695] | 29,488 (14.7) [14.0] |
Current smoking [men] | 14,833,654 [14,431,860] | 610,391 (37.3) [36.0] | 1,805,641 [1,759,468] | 86,992 (43.3) [42.0] |
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Exercise (yes) | 8,885,534 | 366,718 (22.5) | 1,106,514 | 52,674 (26.4) |
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Alcohol consumption (yes) | 20,570,604 | 827,268 (50.5) | 2,289,975 | 106,597 (53.1) |
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Past history of HTN (yes) | 1,307,241 | 57,146 (3.5) | 206,173 | 9,919 (5.0) |
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Past history of DM (yes) | 835,312 | 38,586 (2.4) | 139,606 | 7,091 (3.5) |
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Family history of cancer (yes) | 4,138,984 | 166,083 (10.1) | 504,774 | 22,987 (11.5) |
Variables | n (%) | PY of follow-up in GP | Cancer incidence case (CI) in GP | PY of follow-up in CS | All-cause mortality in CS (CDR) | Cancer mortality in CS (CDR) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n) | 40,433,731 | 200,834 (497) | 4,332,402 | 103,320 (2,385) | 86,891 (2,006) | |
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Gender | ||||||
Men | 989,744 (60.5) | 24,309,046 | 136,000 (559) | 2,867,569 | 77,799 (2,713) | 65,478 (2,283) |
Women | 647,543 (39.5) | 16,124,685 | 64,834 (402) | 1,464,833 | 25,521 (1,742) | 21,413 (1,462) |
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Age (yr) | ||||||
<30 | 310,284 (19.0) | 8,241,717 | 14,484 (176) | 370,092 | 2,203 (595) | 2,075 (561) |
30–39 | 418,200 (25.5) | 11,142,966 | 30,882 (277) | 762,421 | 8,462 (1,110) | 7,827 (1,027) |
40–49 | 377,986 (23.1) | 9,695,843 | 50,762 (524) | 1,177,193 | 19,725 (1,676) | 17,734 (1,506) |
50–59 | 332,136 (20.3) | 782,292 | 67,612 (8,643) | 1,416,419 | 40,904 (2,888) | 34,210 (2,415) |
60–69 | 144,009 (8.8) | 2,805,424 | 30,043 (1,071) | 516,101 | 25,271 (4,897) | 19,933 (3,862) |
≥70 | 54,672 (3.3) | 724,789 | 7,051 (973) | 90,175 | 6,755 (7,491) | 5,112 (5,669) |
Cancer | ICD-code | Person-years of follow-up | Cancer incidence | All-cause death (CDR) | All-cancer death (CDR) | Cancer-specific death (CDR) | Others, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stomach cancer | C16 | 871,485 | 39,926 | 19,177 (4,581) | 15,063 (1,728) | 12,419 (1,425) | 4,114 (21.5) |
Colorectal cancer | C18–C20 | 649,524 | 28,527 | 13,075 (4,392) | 10,436 (1,607) | 8,564 (1,319) | 2,639 (14.6) |
Lung cancer | C34 | 488,971 | 26,711 | 21,498 (5,463) | 19,705 (4,030) | 18,024 (3,686) | 1,793 (8.3) |
Liver cancer | C22 | 402,635 | 22,941 | 18,460 (5,698) | 16,812 (4,175) | 13,954 (3,466) | 1,648 (8.9) |
Thyroid cancer | C73 | 490,726 | 18,602 | 1,170 (3,791) | 784 (160) | 362 (74) | 386 (33.0) |
Prostate cancer | C61 | 316,913 | 12,798 | 4,251 (4,038) | 2,843 (897) | 2,062 (651) | 1,408 (33.1) |
Breast cancer | C50 | 287,451 | 11,388 | 1,985 (3,962) | 1,685 (586) | 1,426 (496) | 300 (15.1) |
Gallbladder cancer | C23, C24 | 138,386 | 7,685 | 6,315 (5,553) | 5,822 (4,207) | 4,122 (2,979) | 493 (7.8) |
Pancreas cancer | C25 | 119,445 | 6,869 | 6,256 (5,751) | 5,923 (4,959) | 5,231 (4,379) | 333 (5.3) |
Bladder cancer | C67 | 154,689 | 6,677 | 3,079 (4,316) | 2,191 (1,416) | 1,398 (904) | 888 (28.8) |
Esophageal cancer | C15 | 61,703 | 3,395 | 2,665 (5,502) | 2,412 (3,909) | 1,969 (3,191) | 253 (9.5) |
Oral cancer | C00–C14 | 68,044 | 3,242 | 1,942 (4,765) | 1,626 (2,390) | 1,058 (1,555) | 316 (16.3) |
Brain cancer | C71 | 42,842 | 2,334 | 1,870 (5,448) | 1,537 (3,588) | 1,059 (2,472) | 333 (17.8) |
Cervical cancer | C53 | 51,814 | 2,297 | 855 (4,433) | 680 (1,312) | 447 (863) | 175 (20.5) |
Laryngopharyngeal cancer | C32 | 39,382 | 1,833 | 1,039 (4,654) | 784 (1,991) | 422 (1,072) | 255 (24.5) |
Variables | All cancer | Lung cancer | Stomach cancer | Colorectal cancer |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 1.05 (1.05, 1. 05) | 1.07 (1.07, 1.07) | 1.06 (1.06, 1.06) | 1.06 (1.06, 1.07) |
Gender (women) | 0.83 (0.81, 0.84) | 0.91 (0.86, 0.95) | 0.70 (0.67, 0.75) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.92) |
BMI (≥23.0 kg/m2) | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.95, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.97, 0.98) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) |
Smoking (ex-smoking) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) | 1.30 (1.22, 1.39) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) |
Smoking (current smoking) | 1.44 (1.42, 1.47) | 3.15 (3.00, 3.31) | 1.32 (1.25, 1.39) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.10) |
Family history of cancer (yes) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.95) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.95) |
Exercise (yes) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | 0.92 (0.89, 0.95) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) |
Past history of HTN (yes) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.93) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) |
Past history of DM (yes) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.15) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). PY, person-years; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes.
GP, general population; PY, person-years; CI, cumulative incidence per 100,000 PY; CS, cancer survivors; CDR, crude death rate per 100,000 PY.
ICD, International Classification of Diseases; CDR, crude death rate per 100,000 person-years.
Values are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes. Adjusted for age, gender, BMI, smoking, family history of cancer, exercise, past history of HTN, and past history of DM.