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Original Articles
Changes in metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast and endometrial cancer according to menopause in Korean women
Thi Xuan Mai Tran, Soyeoun Kim, Boyoung Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023049.   Published online May 1, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023049
  • 9,470 View
  • 164 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated how changes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with the subsequent risk of breast and endometrial cancer according to menopausal status.
METHODS
This cohort study, using data from the National Health Insurance Service database, included women aged ≥40 years who underwent 2 biennial cancer screenings (2009-2010 and 2011-2012) and were followed up until 2020. Participants were grouped into MetS-free, MetS-recovery, MetS-development, and MetS-persistent groups. Menopausal status (premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal) was assessed at 2 screenings. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the association between MetS changes and cancer risk.
RESULTS
In 3,031,980 women, breast and endometrial cancers were detected in 39,184 and 4,298, respectively. Compared with the MetS-free group, those who recovered, developed, or had persistent MetS showed an increased risk of breast cancer, with adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of 1.05, 1.05, and 1.11, respectively (p<0.005). MetS persistence was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women (aHR, 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 1.16) but not in premenopausal or perimenopausal women. MetS persistence was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer in premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal women, with aHRs of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.70), 1.59 (95% CI, 1.19 to 2.12), and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.32 to 1.63), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Increased breast cancer risk was associated with recovered, developed, and persistent MetS in postmenopausal women. Meanwhile, increased endometrial cancer risk was found in obese women who recovered from MetS or persistently had MetS, regardless of menopausal status, when compared to MetS-free women.
Summary
Korean summary
- 폐경후 여성에서 대사증후군이 회복되었거나, 지속적으로 대사증후군을 앓고 있거나, 대사증후군이 발병한 여성은 유방암 위험과 관련이 있었습니다. - 한편, 폐경 상태와 관계없이 대사증후군에서 회복되었거나 지속적으로 대사증후군를 앓고 있는 비만 여성은 대사증후군이 없는 여성에 비해 자궁내막암 위험이 증가하는 것으로 나타났습니다.
Key Message
- Increased breast cancer risk was associated with recovered, developed, and persistent MetS in postmenopausal women. - Increased endometrial cancer risk was found in obese women who recovered from MetS or persistently had MetS, regardless of menopausal status, when compared to MetS-free women.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Distribution and Related Influencing Factors of AMH Level in Family-Planning Women of Childbearing Age: A Cross-Sectional Study from Beijing, China
    Jinwei Song, Songkun Gao, Lixia Zhao, Xiaolong Tong
    International Journal of Women's Health.2025; Volume 17: 99.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic Syndrome and Survival Outcomes in Endometrial Cancer
    Alina-Gabriela Marin, Alexandru Filipescu, Radu Vladareanu, Aida Petca
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Is Insulin Resistance a High-Risk Factor for Postmenopausal Endometrial Cancer: Insights from the Triglyceride Glucose (TyG) Index and the Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
    Songkun Gao, Jinhua Wang, Tong Wang, Jiandong Wang
    International Journal of Women's Health.2024; Volume 16: 2355.     CrossRef
  • Melatonin, BAG-1 and cortisol circadian interactions in tumor pathogenesis and patterned immune responses
    George Anderson
    Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy.2023; : 962.     CrossRef
  • Changed Endocrinology in Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive View
    Vidhi Motlani, Gunjan Motlani, Soumya Pamnani, Akshat Sahu, Neema Acharya
    Cureus.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Trends in breast cancer screening rates among Korean women: results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, 2005-2020
Soo Yeon Song, Yun Yeong Lee, Hye Young Shin, Bomi Park, Mina Suh, Kui Son Choi, Jae Kwan Jun
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022111.   Published online November 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022111
  • 8,029 View
  • 168 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Since 2002, the Korean government has provided breast cancer screening as part of the National Cancer Screening Program. This study reported trends in the screening rate among Korean women from 2005 to 2020, including organized and opportunistic screening for breast cancer.
METHODS
Data from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, an annual cross-sectional nationwide survey, were collected using a structured questionnaire between 2005 and 2020. The study population included 23,702 women aged 40-74 years with no history of cancer. We estimated the screening rate based on the current recommendation of biennial mammographic screening for breast cancer. In addition, a joinpoint trend analysis was performed for breast cancer screening rates among various subgroups.
RESULTS
In 2020, the breast cancer screening rate was 63.5%, reflecting an annual increase of 7.72% (95% confidence interval 5.53 to 9.95) between 2005 and 2012, followed by non-significant trends thereafter. In particular, a significant decrease in the breast cancer screening rate was observed in the subgroups aged 50-59 years old, with 12-15 years of education, and living in rural areas.
CONCLUSIONS
Although there has been substantial improvement in breast cancer screening rates in Korean women, the trend has flattened in recent years. Therefore, continual efforts are required to identify subgroups with unmet needs and solve barriers to the uptake of breast cancer screening.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 2005년에서 2020년까지 암검진수검행태조사 자료를 이용하여 40세 이상의 우리나라 여성의 유방암 검진 수검률이 추이에 대해 분석하였다. 우리나라 유방암 검진 수검률은 2020년 현재 63.5%이다. 하지만 지속적으로 증가하던 유방암 검진 수검률의 추이는 2012년 이후 정체되어 있으며 일부 사회경제적 계층에서는 감소하는 경향을 보였다.
Key Message
In Korea, despite of the high level of breast cancer screening rate, decreasing trends in some socioeconomic classes after 2012. Continual efforts are required to identify subgroup with unmet needs and barriers to the uptake of breast cancer screening.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A cross-national investigation of CT, MRI, PET, mammography, and radiation therapy resources and utilization
    Takahiro Aoyama, Yutaro Koide, Hidetoshi Shimizu, Atsushi Urikura, Tomoki Kitagawa, Shingo Hashimoto, Hiroyuki Tachibana, Takeshi Kodaira
    Japanese Journal of Radiology.2025; 43(1): 109.     CrossRef
  • Current and future burden of breast cancer in Asia: A GLOBOCAN data analysis for 2022 and 2050
    Mengxia Fu, Zhiming Peng, Min Wu, Dapeng Lv, Yanping Li, Shuzhen Lyu
    The Breast.2025; 79: 103835.     CrossRef
  • Determining risk‐adapted starting age and interval for breast cancer screening based on reproductive and hormonal factors
    Tung Hoang, Jeonghee Lee, So‐Youn Jung, Jeongseon Kim
    International Journal of Cancer.2025; 156(9): 1692.     CrossRef
  • Global patterns and trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality across 185 countries
    Joanne Kim, Andrew Harper, Valerie McCormack, Hyuna Sung, Nehmat Houssami, Eileen Morgan, Miriam Mutebi, Gail Garvey, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Miranda M. Fidler-Benaoudia
    Nature Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Intakes of saturated and unsaturated fat and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among breast cancer survivors
    Jiwoo Kim, Hyun Jeong Cho, Zisun Kim, Hyun Jo Youn, Jihyoung Cho, Jun Won Min, Yoo Seok Kim, Jung Eun Lee
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploring age-standardized cancer incidence rates and regional disparities: A retrospective cohort study of 8 major cancers in South Korea
    Dagyeong Lee, Hye-won Yun, Nayeon Kim, Juwon Park, Kyu-won Jung, Mina Suh, Dong Wook Shin
    Cancer Epidemiology.2024; 91: 102594.     CrossRef
  • Contrasting income-based inequalities in incidence and mortality of breast cancer in Korea, 2006-2015
    Jinwook Bahk, Hee-Yeon Kang, Young-Ho Khang, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
    Epidemiology and Health.2024; 46: e2024074.     CrossRef
  • Why is the screening rate in lung cancer still low? A seven-country analysis of the factors affecting adoption
    Charlotte Poon, Tim Wilsdon, Iqra Sarwar, Alexander Roediger, Megan Yuan
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mammographic Breast Density and Risk of Ovarian Cancer in Korean Women
    Thi Xuan Mai Tran, Soyeoun Kim, Boyoung Park
    Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2023; 32(12): 1690.     CrossRef
Effect of mammography screening on the long-term survival of breast cancer patients: results from the National Cancer Screening Program in Korea
Xuan Quy Luu, Kyeongmin Lee, Jae Kwan Jun, Mina Suh, Kyu-Won Jung, Kui Son Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022094.   Published online October 26, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022094
  • 7,987 View
  • 196 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the effect of mammography screening on the long-term survival of breast cancer (BC) patients aged 40 years or older according to their screening history and duration since screening.
METHODS
The study cohort was organized from 3 nationwide databases of the Korean National Cancer Screening Program, the Korean Central Cancer Registry, and death certificates. We included 24,387 women diagnosed with invasive BC or ductal carcinoma in situ in 2008 and 2009 and followed up until December 31, 2019. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to investigate the effect of BC screening on the risk of death.
RESULTS
Overall, 20,916 of 24,387 patients (85.8%) were alive at the end of the follow-up period (median: 10.5 years). The long-term survival rate was significantly lower in the never-screened group (80.3%) than in the screened group (88.9%) (p<0.001). A 35% reduction in the risk of BC death (hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60 to 0.70) from screening was observed. A subgroup analysis according to the cancer stage showed 62%, 36%, and 24% lower risks of BC death for the localized stage, regional stage, and distant stage, respectively. Women aged 40-49 years received the least benefit from BC screening (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.81).
CONCLUSIONS
Mammography screening was effective in reducing the risk of BC-specific death in Asian women across all cancer stages. However, this effect was relatively small among women in their 40s, suggesting that more detailed and specialized screening strategies are needed for that age group.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Determining risk‐adapted starting age and interval for breast cancer screening based on reproductive and hormonal factors
    Tung Hoang, Jeonghee Lee, So‐Youn Jung, Jeongseon Kim
    International Journal of Cancer.2025; 156(9): 1692.     CrossRef
  • A Retrospective Analysis of Breast Cancer Mortality among Jewish and Muslim Arab Women in Israel: The Role of Sociodemographic Factors
    Ronit Pinchas-Mizrachi, Dan Bouhnik
    Cancers.2024; 16(15): 2763.     CrossRef
  • Random forest algorithm identifies miRNA signatures for breast cancer detection and classification from patient urine samples
    Jochen Maurer, Matthias Rübner, Chao-Chung Kuo, Birgit Klein, Julia Franzen, Julia Wittenborn, Tomas Kupec, Laila Najjari, Peter Fasching, Elmar Stickeler
    Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
The impact of COVID-19 on screening for colorectal, gastric, breast, and cervical cancer in Korea
Hyeree Park, Seung Hee Seo, Jong Heon Park, Shin Hye Yoo, Bhumsuk Keam, Aesun Shin
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022053.   Published online June 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022053
  • 17,120 View
  • 466 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 20 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the utilization of healthcare services, including participation in cancer screening programs. We compared cancer screening participation rates for colorectal, gastric, breast, and cervical cancers among participants in the National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) in 2019 and 2020 to address the potential distraction effect of COVID-19 on cancer screening.
METHODS
Data from the NCSP for 4 cancer types (stomach, colorectal, breast, and cervical) in 2019 and 2020 were used to calculate cancer screening participation rates by calendar month, gender, age group, and geographical region. Monthly participation rates were analyzed per 1,000 eligible individuals.
RESULTS
The screening participation rate decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 for all 4 cancers: colorectal (40.5 vs. 35.3%), gastric (61.9 vs. 54.6%), breast (63.8 vs. 55.8%), and cervical (57.8 vs. 52.2%) cancers. Following 2 major COVID-19 waves in March and December 2020, the participation rates in the 4 types of cancer screening dropped compared with those in 2019. The highest decline was observed in the elderly population aged 80 years and older (percentage change: -21% for colorectal cancer; -20% for gastric cancer; -26% for breast cancer; -20% for cervical cancer).
CONCLUSIONS
After the 2 major COVID-19 waves, the screening participation rate for 4 types of cancer declined compared with 2019. Further studies are needed to identify the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer patients, such as delayed diagnoses of cancer or excess cancer deaths.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 코로나 대유행 기간 전과 후 대장암, 위암, 유방암, 자궁경부암 검진 수검률 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 첫 코로나 확진자가 발생한 2020년을 코로나 대유행 기간, 전년도 기간인 2019년을 코로나 대유행 전 기간으로 설정하며 국민건강보험공단에서 집계된 전수자료를 이용하여 암 검진 대상자 수와 수검자 수를 비교 분석하였다. 4개 암종 모두에서 2019년도와 비교하여 2020년도에 전국적으로 수검률이 감소하는 경향이 있었으며, 1차 대유행이 있었던 3월과 3차 대유행 시기인 12월에 2019년도 동기간과 비교하여 수검률이 크게 감소하였고, 80대 이상 노인 인구에서 감소폭이 다른 연령대와 비교하여 크게 나타났다.
Key Message
We found decline of the colorectal, gastric, breast and cervical cancer screening participation rates in 2020 following the two major COVID-19 waves, compared with those of 2019, and the highest decline was observed in the elderly population aged 80 years and older.

Citations

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  • Comparative analysis of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and mortality rates in colorectal cancer patients with positive fecal immunochemical test screening before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
    Mitsuhiro Koseki, Su‐Hung Wang, Chun‐Chi Yang, I‐Che Feng, Hsing‐Tao Kuo, Chung‐Han Ho, Chien‐Cheng Huang, Ming‐Jen Sheu
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    Yan‐Jie Li, Xin Wang, Yu‐Jie Wu, Xin‐Yi Zhou, Jibin Li, Jiangmei Qin, Wanghong Xu, Jie‐Bin Lew, Wanqing Chen, Ju‐Fang Shi
    International Journal of Cancer.2024; 155(3): 558.     CrossRef
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    Francisco Estupiñán-Romero, Santiago Royo-Sierra, Javier González-Galindo, Natalia Martínez-Lizaga, Petronille Bogaert, Nienke Schutte, Liesbet Van Eycken, Nancy Van Damme, Kris Henau, Ronan A Lyons, Sarah J Aldridge, Andrea Faragalli, Flavia Carle, Rosar
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    Armin Aslani, Amirali Soheili, Seyed Ehsan Mousavi, Ali Ebrahimi, Ryan Michael Antar, Zahra Yekta, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Deepak Dhamnetiya
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    Hye-Yeon Kim, Jeong-Ho Yang, Sun-Seog Kweon
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    Kejia Ma, Xuejie Chen, Xin Xiang, Xueyi Mao, Ningxin Zhu, Tianyu Wang, Shuyu Ye, Xiaoyan Wang, Minzi Deng
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    Misuzu Fujita, Hideyuki Hashimoto, Kengo Nagashima, Kiminori Suzuki, Tokuzo Kasai, Kazuya Yamaguchi, Yoshihiro Onouchi, Daisuke Sato, Takehiko Fujisawa, Akira Hata
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  • Trends in breast cancer screening rates among Korean women: results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey, 2005-2020
    Soo Yeon Song, Yun Yeong Lee, Hye Young Shin, Bomi Park, Mina Suh, Kui Son Choi, Jae Kwan Jun
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022111.     CrossRef
Systematic Review
Quantifying the duration of the preclinical detectable phase in cancer screening: a systematic review
Sandra M. E. Geurts, Anne M. W. M. Aarts, André L. M. Verbeek, Tony H. H. Chen, Mireille J. M. Broeders, Stephen W. Duffy
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022008.   Published online January 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022008
  • 14,053 View
  • 443 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of published mathematical estimation approaches to quantify the duration of the preclinical detectable phase (PCDP) using data from cancer screening programs.
METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted for original studies presenting mathematical approaches using screening data. The studies were categorized by mathematical approach, data source, and assumptions made. Furthermore, estimates of the duration of the PCDP of breast and colorectal cancer were reported per study population.
RESULTS
From 689 publications, 34 estimation methods were included. Five distinct types of mathematical estimation approaches were identified: prevalence-to-incidence ratio (n=8), maximum likelihood estimation (n=16), expectation-maximization algorithm (n=1), regression of observed on expected (n=6) and Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo estimation (n=5). Fourteen studies used data from both screened and unscreened populations, whereas 19 studies included only information from a screened population. Estimates of the duration of the PCDP varied between 2 years and 7 years for breast cancer in the Health Insurance Plan study (annual mammography and clinical breast examinations in women aged 40-64 years) and 2 years and 5 years for colorectal cancer in the Calvados study (a guaiac fecal occult blood test in men and women aged 45-74 years).
CONCLUSIONS
Different types of mathematical approaches lead to different estimates of the PCDP duration. We advise researchers to use the method that matches the data available, and to use multiple methods for estimation when possible, since no method is perfect.
Summary
Key Message
Quantifying the duration of the preclinical detectable phase is important for the design and evaluation of cancer screening programs. Different types of mathematical estimation approaches lead to different estimates of the preclinical detectable phase duration. We advise researchers to use the method that matches the data available, and to use multiple methods for estimation when possible, since no method is perfect.

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    Jacob S. Bedia, Ian J. Jacobs, Andy Ryan, Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj, Matthew Burnell, Naveena Singh, Ranjit Manchanda, Jatinderpal K. Kalsi, Anne Dawnay, Lesley Fallowfield, Alistair J. McGuire, Stuart Campbell, Mahesh K.B. Parmar, Usha Menon, Steven J. S
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    Johan Aspberg, Anders Heijl, Boel Bengtsson
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Health Statistics
A comparison of breast cancer survival across different age groups: a multicentric database study in Penang, Malaysia
King Fang Tan, Farzaana Adam, Hasmah Hussin, Noor Mastura Mohd Mujar
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021038.   Published online May 25, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021038
  • 19,086 View
  • 412 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
This study compared breast cancer survival and the prognostic factors across different age groups of women in Penang, Malaysia. Data on 2,166 women with breast cancer who had been diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 were extracted from the Penang Breast Cancer Registry and stratified into 3 age groups: young (< 40 years old), middle-aged (40-59 years old), and elderly (≥ 60 years). The overall and relative survival rates were calculated using the life table method, median survival time was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and comparisons between groups were conducted using the log-rank test. Prognostic factors were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model. The 5-year overall and breast cancer-specific survival rates for women with breast cancer in Penang were 72.9% and 75.2%, with a mean survival time of 92.5 months and 95.1 months, respectively. The 5-year breast cancer-specific survival rates for young, middle-aged, and elderly women were 74.9%, 77.8%, and 71.4%, respectively, with a mean survival time of 95.7 months, 97.5 months, and 91.2 months. There was a significant difference in breast cancer survival between age groups, with elderly women showing the lowest survival rate, followed by young and middle-aged women. Disease stage was the most prominent prognostic factor for all age groups. Survival rates and prognostic factors differed according to age group. Treatment planning for breast cancer patients should be age-specific to promote better cancer care and survival.
Summary
Key Message
The relationship between breast cancer survival and age at diagnosis has been explored, but information between survival at different age groups remains unclear, in addition to conflicting study results. This multicentre study was conducted to compare breast cancer survival across different age groups in an Asian setting.

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Original Article
Exploring neighborhood inequality in female breast cancer incidence in Tehran using Bayesian spatial models and a spatial scan statistic
Erfan Ayubi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ali Ghanbari Motlagh, Alireza Mosavi-Jarrahi, Ali Hosseini, Kamran Yazdani
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017021.   Published online May 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017021
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to explore the spatial pattern of female breast cancer (BC) incidence at the neighborhood level in Tehran, Iran.
METHODS
The present study included all registered incident cases of female BC from March 2008 to March 2011. The raw standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of BC for each neighborhood was estimated by comparing observed cases relative to expected cases. The estimated raw SIRs were smoothed by a Besag, York, and Mollie spatial model and the spatial empirical Bayesian method. The purely spatial scan statistic was used to identify spatial clusters.
RESULTS
There were 4,175 incident BC cases in the study area from 2008 to 2011, of which 3,080 were successfully geocoded to the neighborhood level. Higher than expected rates of BC were found in neighborhoods located in northern and central Tehran, whereas lower rates appeared in southern areas. The most likely cluster of higher than expected BC incidence involved neighborhoods in districts 3 and 6, with an observed-to-expected ratio of 3.92 (p<0.001), whereas the most likely cluster of lower than expected rates involved neighborhoods in districts 17, 18, and 19, with an observed-to-expected ratio of 0.05 (p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Neighborhood-level inequality in the incidence of BC exists in Tehran. These findings can serve as a basis for resource allocation and preventive strategies in at-risk areas.
Summary

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Brief Communication
Reinterpretation of the results of a pooled analysis of dietary carotenoid intake and breast cancer risk by using the interval collapsing method
Jong-Myon Bae
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016024.   Published online June 2, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016024
  • 18,835 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
A pooled analysis of 18 prospective cohort studies reported in 2012 for evaluating carotenoid intakes and breast cancer risk defined by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) statuses by using the “highest versus lowest intake” method (HLM). By applying the interval collapsing method (ICM) to maximize the use of the estimated information, we reevaluated the results of the previous analysis in order to reinterpret the inferences made.
METHODS
In order to estimate the summary effect size (sES) and its 95% confidence interval (CI), meta-analyses with the random-effects model were conducted for adjusted relative risks and their 95% CI from the second to the fifth interval according to five kinds of carotenoids and ER/PR status.
RESULTS
The following new findings were identified: α-Carotene and β-cryptoxanthin have protective effects on overall breast cancer. All five kinds of carotenoids showed protective effects on ER− breast cancer. β-Carotene level increased the risk of ER+ or ER+/PR+ breast cancer. α-Carotene, β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene showed a protective effect on ER−/PR+ or ER−/PR− breast cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
The new facts support the hypothesis that carotenoids that show anticancer effects with anti-oxygen function might reduce the risk of ER− breast cancer. Based on the new facts, the modification of the effects of α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin should be evaluated according to PR and ER statuses.
Summary
Korean summary
Carotenoids 가 항암기전이 있다면 steroid hormone에 무관한 estrogen receptor negative (ER-) 혹은 progesterone receptor negative (PR-) 유방암의 발생을 억제할 것이란 가설에 따라, 18개의 코호트에 대한 pooled analysis 결과가 2012년도에 발표되었다. 이를 재분석한 결과, 5 종류의 carotenoids 모두 ER- 유방암 억제하는 것을 확인하였다.

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Original Article
Distribution of dense breasts using screening mammography in Korean women: a retrospective observational study
Jong-Myon Bae, Sang Yop Shin, Eun Hee Kim, Yoon-Nam Kim, Chung Mo Nam
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014027.   Published online November 4, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014027
  • 21,229 View
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  • 18 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This retrospective observational study evaluated the distribution of dense breasts by age group among healthy Korean women.
METHODS
Participants were women aged 30 years and older who voluntarily underwent screening mammography between January 2007 and December 2011. Women who received the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System for mammographic density of 3 or 4 were defined as having dense breasts. The proportion of women with dense breasts (PDB, %) was calculated by dividing the number of participants with dense breasts by the total number of participants.
RESULTS
Among the 231,058 women who participated, 78.15% were classified as having dense breasts. PDB was highest in the youngest age group (PDB=94.87%) and lowest in the oldest age group. The greatest difference in PDB between adjacent age groups was observed in the group aged 60-64 years.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show that the proportion of dense breasts by age group increased in all age groups, except in those aged 35-39 years. These findings suggest an association between the age distribution of dense breasts and trends in breast cancer incidence. Further studies are needed to estimate the change in breast cancer incidence rate by age and the accumulation of fatty breast tissue in Korean women.
Summary

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