Epidemiology and Health

Original Articles

Misconceptions and stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS: a cross-sectional study from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey: Desi Suantari; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021094. Published online November 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021094

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Data are not available in Indonesia to measure the main indicators of zero new infections, zero acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related deaths and zero discrimination. This study aimed to determine factors related to misconceptions about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and the stigma against people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Indonesia

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). The sample was women and men aged 17-45 years and married (n=3,023).

RESULTS

Education and wealth index quintile were significantly related to misconceptions about HIV transmission. Respondents with low levels of education were more likely to have misconceptions about HIV transmission. Respondents who were in the poorest, poorer, middle, and richer quintiles of the wealth index were more likely to have misconceptions about HIV transmission than those in the richest quintile. Educational level, employment status, and wealth index quintile were predictors of stigma against PLWHA.

CONCLUSIONS

There are still many Indonesian people with misconceptions about HIV transmission and stigma against PLWHA. Future studies should focus on educational programs or interventions aimed at increasing public knowledge and awareness, promoting compassion towards PLWHA, and emphasizing respect for the rights of PLWHA. These interventions are particularly important for populations who are uneducated and living in poverty.

Summary

Korean summary

Key Message
Many Indonesians still experience misconceptions about HIV transmission and stigmatize PLWHA. Educational programs or interventions are needed to increase public knowledge and awareness, promoting compassion towards PLWHA, and emphasizing respect for the rights of PLWHA, particularly among the poor and uneducated.

Citations

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Stigmatizing and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among general adult population: the results from the 6th Thai National Health Examination Survey (NHES VI)
Sineenart Chautrakarn, Parichat Ong-Artborirak, Warangkana Naksen, Aksara Thongprachum, Jukkrit Wungrath, Suwat Chariyalertsak, Scott Stonington, Surasak Taneepanichskul, Sawitri Assanangkornchai, Pattapong Kessomboon, Nareemarn Neelapaichit, Wichai Aekpl
Journal of Global Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factor Associated with HIV/AIDS knowledge among males: Findings from 2017-18 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey
Jamal Abdul Nasir, Muhammad Danish Khan, Syed Arif Ahmed Zaidi
Journal of Biosocial Science.2023; : 1. CrossRef
Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its determinants in India: Findings from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019– 2021)
Mansi Malik, Siaa Girotra, Debolina Roy, Saurav Basu
Population Medicine.2023; 5(May): 1. CrossRef

Associations of depression and anxiety with cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV/AIDS in Korea: Kyong Sil Park, Seon Young Hwang, Bo Youl Choi, June Kim, Sang Il Kim, Woo-Joo Kim, Chun Kang; Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021002. Published online December 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021002

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
As HIV/AIDS is becoming a chronic disease, the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with HIV/AIDS is rising. Anxiety and depression, which are common among people living with HIV/AIDS, have been linked with CVD. This study investigated the risk of CVD in people living with HIV/AIDS and explored the effects of depression and anxiety on CVD risk.

METHODS

Data were collected for 457 people enrolled in the Korea Cohort HIV/AIDS study after 2010. Framingham risk scores were calculated to quantify the 10-year risk of developing CVD. Depression and anxiety variables were re-coded as a single combined variable. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for age, body mass index, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), duration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity after entry into the cohort, and depression/anxiety.

RESULTS

Participants with both depression and anxiety were 2.28 times more likely than those with neither depression nor anxiety to have moderate/high-risk CVD risk. The 10-year risk of developing CVD was affected by LDL cholesterol, TG, age, and duration of HIV infection. LDL cholesterol and TG levels change according to the duration of HIV infection, and metabolic disorders affect the risk of CVD. Thus, a longer duration of HIV infection is associated with a higher risk of developing CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

Screenings for depression and anxiety need to be provided regularly to assess the severity of those symptoms. To help decrease their risk of developing CVD, people living with HIV/AIDS should be offered behavioral modification interventions aimed at developing healthy lifestyle habits.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구를 통해 우울과 불안이 심혈관질환 발생위험을 증가시키는 영향요인임을 확인하였다. 따라서, HIV 감염자의 우울과 불안에 대한 정기적인 검사 및 상담이 필요하며, 우울 또는 불안한 환자의 심혈관질환의 발병 위험을 줄이기위해 좋은 생활 습관을 위한 행동 수정 및 동기 부여 교육프로그램의 개발이 필요하다.

Key Message
healthcare providers need to provide motivational education for behavioral modifications to decrease patients’ risk of developing CVD, especially among those with depression or anxiety symptoms.

Citations

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Comorbidities among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida: a network analysis
Shyfuddin Ahmed, Angel B. Algarin, Hsu Thadar, Zhi Zhou, Tanjila Taskin, Krishna Vaddiparti, Karina Villalba, Yan Wang, Nicole Ennis, Jamie P. Morano, Charurut Somboonwit, Robert L Cook, Gladys E. Ibañez
AIDS Care.2023; 35(7): 1055. CrossRef
Elevated frequency and everyday functioning implications of vascular depression in persons with HIV disease
Ilex Beltran-Najera, Andrea Mustafa, Desmond Warren, Zach Salling, Maria Misiura, Steven Paul Woods, Vonetta M. Dotson
Journal of Psychiatric Research.2023; 160: 78. CrossRef
MENTE X CORAÇÃO: AS DOENÇAS PSIQUICAS E AS CONSENQUÊNCIAS CARDIOVASCULARES: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
Beatriz da Silva Araújo, Morgana Gonçalves da Silva
Revista interdisciplinar em saúde.2021; 8(Único): 292. CrossRef

Oral colonization by Candida species and associated factors in HIV-infected patients in Ahvaz, southwest Iran: Elham Aboualigalehdari, Maryam Tahmasebi Birgani, Mahnaz Fatahinia, Mehran Hosseinzadeh; Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020033. Published online May 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020033

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

Objectives
Oropharyngeal candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The most common cause is Candida albicans, followed by non-albicans Candida. This study aimed to identify colonized Candida species in HIV-infected patients from Ahvaz, Iran. Additionally, the relationships between immunity-related factors, lifestyle, and colonization of Candida spp. were studied.

Methods

Oral swabs were taken from 201 HIV-positive patients referred for consultations at the Behavioral Modification Center. Oral Candida colonization was detected using culture-based and molecular assays. Data were assessed by descriptive statistics and analyzed to investigate the correlation between Candida colonization and various factors, including the CD4⁺ cell count and viral load.

Results

It was found that 43.8% of patients were positive for Candida. The most common species was C. albicans (48.0%), followed by non-albicans Candida isolates, including C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, and C. krusei. Colonization of Candida spp. in patients was associated with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/mm³ (odds ratio [OR], 4.62; p<0.05), history of shared injections (OR, 6.96; p<0.001), and sex (OR, 3.59; p<0.05).

Conclusions

The results of this study showed that C. albicans was the dominant pathogen. The risk factors for colonization of Candida spp. were a CD4 count ≤ 200/mm³ , a history of shared injections, and sex. Other factors with potential relationships include viral load, age, and opportunistic infections, but further investigations are needed.

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Epidemiology, prevalence, and associated factors of oral candidiasis in HIV patients from southwest Iran in post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era
Maryam Erfaninejad, Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi, Elham Maraghi, Mohammad Hashemzadeh, Mahnaz Fatahinia
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Meyerozyma guilliermondii species complex: review of current epidemiology, antifungal resistance, and mechanisms
Reza Ghasemi, Ensieh Lotfali, Kamran Rezaei, Seyed Ataollah Madinehzad, Mahdi Falah Tafti, Nikta Aliabadi, Ebrahim Kouhsari, Mahsa Fattahi
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2022; 53(4): 1761. CrossRef
HIV-infected patients rarely develop invasive fungal diseases under good immune reconstitution after ART regardless high prevalence of pathogenic filamentous fungi carriage in nasopharynx/oropharynx
Xiaoman Chen, Yi Cao, Meijun Chen, Haodi Wang, Peishan Du, Hong Li, Huolin Zhong, Quanmin Li, Santao Zhao, Zhenjiang Yao, Wanshan Chen, Weiping Cai, Xiaoping Tang, Linghua Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity
Shuang Li, Xiaodong Yang, Christiane Moog, Hao Wu, Bin Su, Tong Zhang
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 13: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2020
Kostas Koutsoumanis, Ana Allende, Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez, Declan Bolton, Sara Bover‐Cid, Marianne Chemaly, Robert Davies, Alessandra De Cesare, Friederike Hilbert, Roland Lindqvist, Maarten Nauta, Luisa Peixe, Giuseppe Ru, Marion Simmons, Panagiotis Skan
EFSA Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcription Factors of CAT1, EFG1, and BCR1 Are Effective in Persister Cells of Candida albicans-Associated HIV-Positive and Chemotherapy Patients
Elham Aboualigalehdari, Maryam Tahmasebi Birgani, Mahnaz Fatahinia, Mehran Hosseinzadeh
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

Life expectancy of HIV-positive patients after diagnosis in Iran from 1986 to 2016: A retrospective cohort study at national and sub-national levels: Mohammad Mirzaei, Maryam Farhadian, Jalal Poorolajal, Parvin Afasr Kazerooni, Katayoun Tayeri, Younes Mohammadi; Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018053. Published online November 7, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018053

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Little is known about the life expectancy of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Iran. This study therefore aimed to estimate the life expectancy of HIV-positive patients in Iran.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the Death Registration System. We included patients aged 20 years and older who had a specified date of diagnosis. We estimated life expectancy and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Chiang’s methodology.

RESULTS

The overall life expectancy at the national level was 23.1 years (95% CI, 22.6 to 23.5). Life expectancy was 21.6 years (95% CI, 21.1 to 22.0) for men and 32.7 years (95% CI, 31.4 to 34.0) for women. The life expectancy of patients who did or did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) was 37.0 years (95% CI, 36.2 to 37.8) and 15.5 years (95% CI, 15.1 to 15.9), respectively. The life expectancy of patients with or without tuberculosis (TB) was 21.6 years (95% CI, 20.4 to 22.9) and 36.5 years (95% CI, 35.7 to 37.4), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The life expectancy of Iranian HIV-positive patients was found to be very low. To improve their longevity, improvements in ART coverage and the control and treatment of TB are advised.

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Factors related to baseline CD4 cell counts in HIV/AIDS patients: comparison of poisson, generalized poisson and negative binomial regression models
Maryam Farhadian, Younes Mohammadi, Mohammad Mirzaei, Nasrin Shirmohammadi-Khorram
BMC Research Notes.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Experiences of patients with primary HIV diagnosis in Kermanshah-Iran regarding the nature of HIV/AIDS: A qualitative study
Fatemeh Gh.Barkish, Rostam Jalali, Amir Jalali
Heliyon.2019; 5(8): e02278. CrossRef

Effect of antiretroviral therapy on changes in the fertility intentions of human immunodeficiency virus-positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective follow-up study: Hussen Mekonnen, Fikre Enquselassie; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017028. Published online July 16, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017028

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
With access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are able to consider childbearing to a greater extent than previously. In many cases, ART has transformed their intentions to have children. The present study aimed to assess changes in fertility intentions 12 months after ART initiation among HIV-positive women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHODS

An institution-based follow-up study was conducted among 360 HIV-positive women in Addis Ababa. A logistic regression model was used to assess the influence of socio-demographic, reproductive health, and clinical characteristics on changes in the fertility intentions of women.

RESULTS

Overall, 40.8% (147 of 360) of the women reported that they desired to have a child in the future at the baseline visit, while 48.3% (174 of 360) did so at the 12-month follow-up. The proportion of women who reported that they desired to have a child 12 months after ART initiation was higher among ART-initiated women (55.8%, 106 of 190) than ART-naïve women (40.0%, 68 of 170). The adjusted analysis indicated that a change in fertility intentions between baseline and the follow-up visit was significantly associated with ART use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 5.20) and marital status, with single (aOR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.10 to 25.92) and married (aOR, 6.35; 95% CI, 1.44 to 27.99) women being more likely to report fertility intentions than divorced/widowed women.

CONCLUSIONS

ART use was a significant predictor of change in fertility intentions between the baseline and follow-up visit, which suggests that additional efforts are necessary to integrate family planning and HIV services to address the safe fertility goals of women in the study area.

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Factors associated with pregnancy uptake decisions among seropositive HIV people receiving antiretroviral therapy in sub‐Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Abdul Razak Doat, Roberta Mensima Amoah, Kennedy Diema Konlan, Kennedy Dodam Konlan, Juliana Asibi Abdulai, Margaret W. Kukeba, Iddrisu Mohammed, Joel Afram Saah
Nursing Open.2022; 9(5): 2239. CrossRef
Factors Affecting Fertility Intention Among People Living with HIV in Kunming, China
Yingwu Guo, Yingrong Du, Sanguan Lerkiatbundit, Jun Liu, Jingsong Bai, Yongrui Yang, Yin Yang, Aihui Wu, Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2022; Volume 14: 265. CrossRef
Prevalence and factors associated with fertility desire among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiang Yan, Jie Du, GuoPing Ji, Joseph K.B. Matovu
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(3): e0248872. CrossRef
Motivations to use hormonal contraceptive methods and condoms among HIV-positive and negative women randomized to a progestin contraceptive in Malawi: a qualitative study
Agatha K. Bula, Kendra Hatfield-Timajchy, John Chapola, L. Chinula, Stacey A. Hurst, Athena P. Kourtis, J. H. Tang
BMC Women's Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Human immunodeficiency virus and infertility treatment: an Ethics Committee opinion

Fertility and Sterility.2021; 115(4): 860. CrossRef
Societal and individual drivers of fertility desires and intentions among people living with HIV: a cross sectional study of HIV clinic attendees in Soweto, South Africa
Penelope Chirambira, Sphiwe Madiba, Busisiwe Ntuli
AIMS Public Health.2021; 9(1): 173. CrossRef
Effect of HIV Infection and Antiretroviral Treatment on Pregnancy Rates in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Leigh F Johnson, Themba Mutemaringa, Alexa Heekes, Andrew Boulle
The Journal of Infectious Diseases.2020; 221(12): 1953. CrossRef
Determinants of Fertility Desire among Women Living with HIV in the Childbearing Age Attending Antiretroviral Therapy Clinic at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Case-Control Study
Nigusie Shifera Aylie, Lelisa Sena Dadi, Eshetu Alemayehu, Mengistu Ayenew Mekonn
International Journal of Reproductive Medicine.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Risky Sexual Practice and Associated Factors Among Women Living with HIV/AIDS Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy at a PMTCT Clinic in Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Bikila Balis
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2020; Volume 12: 739. CrossRef
Health workers’ knowledge of safer conception and attitudes toward reproductive rights of HIV-infected couples in Kano, Nigeria
Zubairu Iliyasu, Hadiza S Galadanci, Ahmad A Zubairu, Taiwo G Amole, Nadia A Sam-Agudu, Muktar H Aliyu
International Health.2019; 11(6): 536. CrossRef

Survival and predictors of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus patients on anti-retroviral treatment at Jinka Hospital, South Omo, Ethiopia: a six years retrospective cohort study: Erdaw Tachbele, Gobena Ameni; Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016049. Published online November 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016049

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The survival rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving treatment in Ethiopia is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the survival rate and predictors of mortality among HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Jinka Hospital, South Omo, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A 6-year retrospective cohort study was conducted using 350 patient records drawn from 1,899 patients on ART at Jinka Hospital from September 2010 to August 2015. The data were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier statistics and Cox regression models.

RESULTS

Of the 350 study participants, 315 (90.0%) were censored and 35 (10.0%) died. Twenty-two (62.9%) of the deaths occurred during the first year of treatment. The total follow-up encompassed 1,995 person-years, with an incidence rate of 1.75 deaths per 100 person-years. The mean survival time of patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was 30.84±19.57 months. The overall survival of patients on HAART was 64.00% (95% confidence interval [CI], 61.85 to 66.21%) at 72 months of follow-up. The significant predictors of mortality included non-disclosure of HIV status (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 5.82; 95% CI, 1.91 to 17.72), a history of tuberculosis (aHR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.41 to 3.51), and ambulatory (aHR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.20 to 8.86) or bedridden (aHR, 4.67; 95% CI, 1.30 to 17.27) functional status, World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage IV illness (aHR, 24.97; 95% CI, 2.75 to 26.45), and substance abusers (aHR, 3.72; 95% CI, 1.39 to 9.97).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with a history of tuberculosis treatment, ambulatory or bedridden functional status, or advanced WHO clinical stage disease, as well substance abusers, should be carefully monitored, particularly in the first few months after initiating antiretroviral therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to disclose their status to their relatives.

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Predictors of Survival Time Among HIV-Infected Adults After Initiating Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Kombolcha Town: A 5-Year Retrospective Cohort Study
Muhammed Siraj, Sisay Gedamu, Belachew Tegegne
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2022; Volume 14: 181. CrossRef
Survival and predictors of mortality among HIV-infected adults receiving ART in Hawassa comprehensive specialized hospital, Sidama regional state, Ethiopia
Balta Bargude, Fanta Amanuel
Journal of Advanced Pediatrics and Child Health.2022; 5(1): 042. CrossRef
Incidence of Mortality and Its Predictors Among HIV Positive Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy in University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia
Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale, Adino Tesfahun Tsegaye, Haileab Fekadu Wolde
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 31. CrossRef
Statistical Joint Modeling for Predicting the Association of CD4 Measurement and Time to Death of People Living with HIV Who Enrolled in ART, Southwest Ethiopia
Firew Tiruneh, Lalisa Chewaka, Dinaol Abdissa
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 73. CrossRef
Rate and Predictors of Mortality Among Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia
Haddis Birhanu, Atsede Alle, Molla Yigzaw Birhanu
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 251. CrossRef
Predictors of Mortality Among Adult HIV-Infected Patients Taking Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in Harari Hospitals, Ethiopia
Abdi Birhanu, Tariku Dingeta, Moti Tolera
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 727. CrossRef
Epidemiology of survival pattern and its predictors among HIV positive patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Southern Ethiopia public health facilities: a retrospective cohort study
Abewa Kebede, Fasil Tessema, Gadisa Bekele, Zerihun Kura, Hailu Merga
AIDS Research and Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Factors of Mortality among Adult Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in India: A Hospital Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Nitin Joseph, Ushasti Sinha, Nishtha Tiwari, Pritha Ghosh, Patneedi Sindhu
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Predictors of mortality among adult patients enrolled on Antiretroviral Therapy in Hiwotfana specialized University Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort study
Eticha Endalkachew Mekonnen
Journal of HIV for Clinical and Scientific Research.2018; : 007. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Mortality among Adult HIV Patients Initiating ART in Rural Setting of HIV Care and Treatment Services in North Western Tanzania: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Daniel Wilfred Gunda, Igembe Nkandala, Semvua Bukheti Kilonzo, Boniface Bartholomew Kilangi, Bonaventura Cornel Mpondo
Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases.2017; 2017: 1. CrossRef

Predictors of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: a case-control study: Leila Molaeipoor, Jalal Poorolajal, Minoo Mohraz, Nader Esmailnasab; Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014024. Published online October 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014024

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection is a major global challenge. It is not clear why some HIV-positive people are co-infected with tuberculosis (TB) while others are not. This study addressed that question.

METHODS

This case-control study was conducted in Tehran, Iran in June 2004, enrolling 2,388 HIV-positive people. Cases were selected from those who were co-infected with TB and controls from those without TB. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and several predictors. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS

In this study, 241 cases were compared with 2,147 controls. Sex, age, marital status, educational level, imprisonment, smoking, narcotic use, route of HIV transmission, previous TB infection, isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), antiretroviral therapy (ART), and low CD4 count (<350 cells/mm3) were independently associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection (p<0.001). However, after adjusting for all other variables in the model, only the association between M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection and the following predictors remained statistically significant: imprisonment (odds ratio [OR], 3.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11-6.90), previous TB infection (OR, 5.54; 95% CI, 1.99-15.39), IPT (OR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.06-0.31), ART (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.26-2.61), and CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.36-4.02).

CONCLUSIONS

Several predictors are associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection, but only a few indicators were significantly associated with M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection. It is estimated that a number of predictors of M. tuberculosis/HIV co-infection remain unknown and require further investigation.

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Rengga Rusfa Gumilang, Dwi Wahyu Indriati, Diyantoro Diyantoro, Aliyah Siti Sundari
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Effect of Isoniazid Prophylaxis Therapy on the Prevention of Tuberculosis Incidence and Associated Factors Among HIV Infected Individuals in Northwest Ethiopia: Retrospective Cohort Study
Mulat Addis Beshaw, Shitaye Alemu Balcha, Ayenew Molla Lakew
HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care.2021; Volume 13: 617. CrossRef
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V. S. Borovitsky
HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders.2020; 12(1): 83. CrossRef
Determinants of Active Tuberculosis Occurrences after ART Initiation among Adult HIV-Positive Clients in West Showa Zone Public Hospitals, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study
Gerbaba Guta Nugus, Mergitu Eliyas Irena
Advances in Public Health.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Predictors of tuberculosis infection among adults visiting anti-retroviral treatment center at east and west Gojjam, northwest, Ethiopia, 2017
Habtamu Belew, Moges Wubie, Getaye Tizazu, Abebaw Bitew, Tesfa Birlew
BMC Infectious Diseases.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Bayesian Spatial Survival Analysis of Duration to Cure among New Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) Patients in Iran, during 2011–2018
Eisa Nazar, Hossein Baghishani, Hassan Doosti, Vahid Ghavami, Ehsan Aryan, Mahshid Nasehi, Saeid Sharafi, Habibollah Esmaily, Jamshid Yazdani Charati
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 18(1): 54. CrossRef
Correlation Between Clinical Manifestation and Radiological Findings In Pulmonary Tuberculosis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection Patients In Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia
Putu Satyakumara Upadhana, Haikal Hamas Putra Iqra, I Gusti Agung Ayu Chintya Cahyarini, I Ketut Agus Somia, Pande Putu Yuli Anandasari
Current HIV Research.2020; 18(6): 426. CrossRef
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V. S. Borovitsky
HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders.2019; 11(3): 64. CrossRef
Multistate recursively imputed survival trees for time-to-event data analysis: an application to AIDS and mortality post-HIV infection data
Leili Tapak, Michael R. Kosorok, Majid Sadeghifar, Omid Hamidi
BMC Medical Research Methodology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying risk factors for progression to AIDS and mortality post-HIV infection using illness-death multistate model
Omid Hamidi, Leili Tapak, Jalal Poorolajal, Payam Amini
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2017; 5(4): 163. CrossRef
Treatment outcome of new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Hamadan, Iran: A registry-based cross-sectional study
Salman Khazaei, Jafar Hassanzadeh, Shahab Rezaeian, Ebrahim Ghaderi, Somayeh Khazaei, Abdollah Mohammadian Hafshejani, Hamid Salehiniya, Ali Zahiri
Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis.2016; 65(4): 825. CrossRef
Survival rate of AIDS disease and mortality in HIV-infected patients: a meta-analysis
J. Poorolajal, E. Hooshmand, H. Mahjub, N. Esmailnasab, E. Jenabi
Public Health.2016; 139: 3. CrossRef
Predictors of Tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS Patients Referred to Behavioral Diseases Consultation Center: A Registry-Based Study in Abadan, Southwest of Iran
Salman Khazaei, Leila Molaeipoor, Shahab Rezaeian, Erfan Ayubi, Mehran Yari, Ali Asghar Valipour, Somayeh Khazaei
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Epidemiology and Health.2015; 37: e2015007. CrossRef

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