Epidemiology and Health

Original Articles

Miscarriage, stillbirth, and mortality risk from stroke in women: findings from the PLCO study: Hui Tang, Zhou Li, Yuan Zhang, Mingjun Dai, Xiaoya Wang, Chuan Shao; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024093. Published online November 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024093

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Existing evidence suggests that miscarriage and stillbirth are associated with an increased risk of stroke in women. However, the impact of these events on stroke mortality remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the potential association between miscarriage and stillbirth and stroke mortality in women.
METHODS
We employed a competing risk model using data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial to assess the relationship between miscarriage/stillbirth and stroke death. Death from other causes was considered as a competing risk, and we conducted a subgroup analysis to explore the potential impact.
RESULTS
Our study included 68,629 women for miscarriage and 65,343 women for stillbirth. No significant association was observed between miscarriage and stroke mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.84 to 1.10; p=0.58). While a single stillbirth did not show a significant association (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; p=0.23), recurrent stillbirth (≥2) was associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke mortality compared to women with no stillbirths (HR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 3.46; p<0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that recurrent stillbirth, but not single events, is associated with an elevated risk of stroke mortality in women. Further research is warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms and potential long-term health implications of recurrent pregnancy loss.; Summary

Importance of younger age group and high inflammatory status in the association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2012-2018: Hyunmin Lee, Myung-Hee Shin; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024088. Published online November 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024088

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM), the influence of age and the mediating role of inflammation have seldom been explored. This study investigated this association while considering the modifying effects of age and inflammatory status.

METHODS

This study included 29,491 participants from the 2012-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The community periodontal index (CPI) was assessed by trained dentists using the World Health Organization CPI probe. PD was defined as a CPI score of 3 or 4. Pre-existing and incident DM were identified based on serum glucose levels, a history of DM diagnosis, medication use, and insulin injections. Serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were utilized as an indicator of chronic inflammation.

RESULTS

PD and DM exhibited a significant association, which was more pronounced with incident DM than with pre-existing DM, particularly in individuals younger than 65 years. Among those aged 20-44 years, the odds ratio of incident DM for CPI=4 versus CPI=0 was 2.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 6.09). High hs-CRP levels (>3 mg/L) were also associated with DM, especially in individuals with PD. This association was stronger with incident DM than with pre-existing DM. A notable joint effect was observed in younger individuals and those with PD.

CONCLUSIONS

The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of inflammation. Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

Summary

Korean summary
- 치주 질환과 당뇨병 사이의 연관성은 젊은 연령과 염증 수치가 높게 나타난 대상에서 더 두드러지게 나타남 - 치주 질환과 높은 염증 수치를 동시에 가지고 있을 경우의 당뇨 오즈비는 각각의 오즈비 합보다 더 크게 나타나 시너지 효과를 보였음 - 젊은 치주 질환 환자에 대한 조기 개입은 당뇨병 예방에 중요하게 작용할 수 있음

Key Message
• The association between PD and DM was more pronounced in younger age groups and those with higher levels of in- flammation. • The odds of DM increased synergistically for those with both PD and high inflammatory status. • Therefore, early interventions for PD in younger patients may be crucial for preventing DM.

Citations

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Resveratrol supplementation as a non-surgical treatment in periodontitis and related systemic conditions
Caterina Vinciguerra, Loredana Bellia, Graziamaria Corbi, Sandro Rengo, Alessandro Cannavo
Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Association between the safety climate and occupational injury in the Korean working population: a cross-sectional study: Jeehee Min, Tae-Won Jang, Hye-Eun Lee, Mo-Yeol Kang, Seong-Sik Cho; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024082. Published online October 1, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024082

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Preventing occupational injuries remains a significant challenge in Korea. A positive safety climate can contribute to reducing workplace injuries. However, the impact of safety climate on preventing occupational injuries among the Korean workforce has not been adequately explored. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perceived safety climate and occupational injuries within the Korean working population.

METHODS

This study used baseline data from the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSH). The safety climate was measured using the brief version of the Nordic Safety Climate Questionnaire. Occupational injury was determined by whether injuries or accidents had occurred at workplaces in the past year. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between the safety climate and occupational injury.

RESULTS

Participants who reported an unfavorable workplace safety climate were more likely to experience occupational injuries. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for occupational injuries in an unfavorable safety climate was 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38 to 3.51) compared to a favorable safety climate. Specifically, factors such as “not encouraging employees to follow safety rules when on a tight schedule” (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.25 to 3.24) and “not helping each other work safely” (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.17 to 3.25) were significantly associated with occupational injuries.

CONCLUSIONS

An unfavorable safety climate was associated with increased occupational injuries among Korean workers. Improving the safety climate in the workplace may reduce occupational injuries in Korea.

Summary

Korean summary
한국 노동인구집단에서도 안전풍토는 직업성 손상과 관련성이 관찰되었다. 이 같은 결과는 작업장의 안전풍토를 개선함으로써 직업성 손상을 예방할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Key Message
Safety climate was related to occupational injuries in the Korean working population. This result may indicate that occupational injuries can be prevented by improving the workplace safety climate. Workplace safety should be a high priority goal for management, and workers need to help each other for workplace safety.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Data profile: Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study (KWSHS)
Seong-Sik Cho, Jeehee Min, Heejoo Ko, Mo-Yeol Kang
Ann Occup Environ Med.2025; 37: e3. CrossRef

Homelessness and mortality: gender, age, and housing status inequity in Korea: Gum-Ryeong Park, Dawoon Jeong, Seung Won Lee, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang, Hongjo Choi; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024076. Published online September 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024076

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We compared mortality rates among various housing statuses within the homeless population and investigated factors contributing to their deaths, including housing status, gender, and age.
METHODS
Using a comprehensive multi-year dataset (n=15,445) curated by the National Tuberculosis Screening and Case Management Programs, matched with the 2019-2021 Vital Statistics Death Database and National Health Insurance claims data, we calculated age-standardized mortality rates and conducted survival analysis to estimate differences in mortality rates based on housing status.
RESULTS
The mortality rate among the homeless population was twice as high as that of the general population, at 1,159.6 per 100,000 compared to 645.8 per 100,000, respectively. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases were the primary causes of death. Furthermore, individuals residing in shelter facilities faced a significantly higher risk of death than those who were rough sleeping, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 2.11). This increased risk was especially pronounced in older adults and women.
CONCLUSIONS
The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, as the homeless population faces significantly higher mortality rates. Older adults and women in shelter facilities are at the highest risk.; Summary

Korean summary
전체 인구의 사망률은 큰 폭으로 줄어들면서 홈리스와 전체 인구 간의 사망 불평등이 1.3배에서 1.8배로 증가했다. 특히 쪽방주민이나 거리 홈리스보다 시설 거주 홈리스의 사망 위험이 더 높았으며, 동일 조건하에서 거리 홈리스 대비 약 1.7배 높은 사망 위험을 보였다. 본 연구는 홈리스의 탈시설화를 촉진하는 정책 전환의 필요성을 시사한다.

Key Message
The mortality rate of the general population has significantly declined, leading to an increase in mortality inequality between the homeless and the general population from 1.3 to 1.8 times. In particular, the mortality risk for homeless individuals in facilities was higher than that of those living in jjokbang or on the streets. This study highlights the need for a policy shift to promote deinstitutionalization for the homeless population.

Cohort Profiles

Cohort profile: the Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research - a prospective cohort study on cognition: Pei-Iun Hsieh, Te-Hsuan Huang, Jeng-Min Chiou, Jen-Hau Chen, Yen-Ching Chen; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024057. Published online June 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024057

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The Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research (TIGER) was founded in 2011 to elucidate the interrelationships among various predictors of global and domain-specific cognitive impairment, with the aim of identifying older adults with an increased risk of dementia in the preclinical phase. TIGER, a population-based prospective cohort, recruited 605 and 629 (total of 1,234) older adults (aged 65 and above) at baseline (2011-2013 and 2019-2022) of phase I and II, respectively. Participants have undergone structured questionnaires, global and domain-specific cognitive assessments, physical exams, and biological specimen collections at baseline and biennial follow-ups to date. By 2022, TIGER I has included 4 biennial follow-ups, with the participants comprising 53.9% female and having a mean age of 73.2 years at baseline. After an 8-year follow-up, the annual attrition rate was 6.1%, reflecting a combination of 9.9% of participants who passed away and 36.2% who dropped out. TIGER has published novel and multidisciplinary research on cognitive-related outcomes in older adults, including environmental exposures (indoor and ambient air pollution), multimorbidity, sarcopenia, frailty, biomarkers (brain and retinal images, renal and inflammatory markers), and diet. TIGER’s meticulous design, multidisciplinary data, and novel findings elucidate the complex etiology of cognitive impairment and frailty, offering valuable insights into factors that can be used to predict and prevent dementia in the preclinical phase.; Summary

Key Message
1. The Taiwan Initiative for Geriatric Epidemiological Research (TIGER), established in 2001, aims to fill the knowledge gap regarding the longitudinal associations between environmental exposure, clinical factors, and performance in global and cognitive domains. 2. TIGER has made significant findings in various aspects, including the effects of exposure to low-level air pollutants, indoor air quality, clinical factors (brain and retinal images, dental health), nutrition, and biomarkers on cognition over time. 3. TIGER's multidisciplinary data and advanced analysis elucidate the predictors of cognitive impairment, identifying older adults at increased risk of dementia in the preclinical phase for early prevention and intervention.

Cohort profile: understanding health service system needs for people with intellectual disability using linked data in New South Wales, Australia: Simone Reppermund, Preeyaporn Srasuebkul, Claire M. Vajdic, Sallie-Anne Pearson, Rachael E. Moorin, Julian N. Trollor; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024054. Published online June 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024054

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Abstract

This cohort profile describes one of the largest linked datasets in the world concerning the health of people with intellectual disability. The cohort comprises a retrospective group of 100,089 individuals with intellectual disability who received disability and/or health services in New South Wales, Australia. Of these participants, 34% were female, with a median age at cohort entry of 3 years (interquartile range, 0-19). A separate comparator cohort included 455,677 individuals, matched by 5-year age group, sex, and residential postcode at a 5:1 ratio. Initial results indicate that between 2001 and 2018, people with intellectual disability experienced more than double the rate of hospitalisations (538 vs. 235 per 1,000 person-years), as well as markedly higher rates of emergency department presentations (707 vs. 379 per 1,000 person-years) and use of ambulatory mental health services (1,012 vs. 157 per 1,000 person-years), relative to the comparator cohort. The largest disparities in hospital admissions were for mental disorders, dialysis, and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs. Furthermore, individuals with intellectual disability had more than double the rate of dispensed medications found in the comparator cohort. Of these medications, 46.6% were for the treatment of nervous system conditions, as opposed to 24.7% for the comparator cohort. The mean±standard deviation age at death was 52±19 years for people with intellectual disability and 64±22 years for the comparator participants.

Summary

Key Message
This cohort study of individuals with intellectual disability is one of the largest internationally looking at health profiles and health service use. The goal is to improve the health and well-being of individuals with intellectual disability by informing the development of services, variations in prescribing practices, and access to preventative health services.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Prevalence of psychiatric conditions in people with intellectual disability: A record linkage study in New South Wales, Australia
Samuel RC Arnold, Yunhe Huang, Preeyaporn Srasuebkul, Rachael C Cvejic, Stefan C Michalski, Julian N Trollor
Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry.2025; 59(5): 433. CrossRef

Original Articles

Seasonal impact of diurnal temperature range on intracerebral hemorrhage in middle-aged and elderly people in central China: Shiwen Wang, Jinyu Yin, Hao Zhou, Jingmin Lai, Guizhen Xiao, Zhuoya Tong, Jing Deng, Fang Yang, Qianshan Shi, jingcheng shi; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024053. Published online June 11, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024053

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the seasonal impact of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on hospitalization rates for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in middle-aged and elderly adults.
METHODS
We collected data on the DTR and hospitalization records of ≥45-year-old patients with ICH in 2019 in Hunan Province, central China. Time-series analyses were performed using a distributed lag non-linear model.
RESULTS
Overall, 54,690 hospitalizations for ICH were recorded. DTR showed a non-linear relationship with ICH hospitalization in both middle-aged and elderly populations (45-59 and ≥60 years, respectively). During spring, a low DTR coupled with persistently low temperatures increased ICH risk in both age groups, while a high DTR was associated with an increased risk in the middle-aged group only (relative risk [RR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21 to 1.27). In the summer, a low DTR combined with persistently high temperatures was linked to a higher risk exclusively in the middle-aged group. A high DTR in the autumn was correlated with increased risk in both age groups. In winter, either a low DTR with a continuously low temperature or a high DTR elevated the risk solely in the elderly population (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.69). In the elderly group, the impact of DTR on hospitalization risk manifested within a 5-day period.
CONCLUSIONS
The impact of DTR on ICH hospitalization risk differed significantly across seasons and between age groups. Elderly individuals demonstrated greater sensitivity to the impact of DTR. Weather forecasting services should emphasize DTR values, and interventions targeting sensitive populations are needed.; Summary

Key Message
In a large-scale, study of 54,690 hospitalizations for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) from China, we identified the seasonal impact of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on hospitalization rates for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in middle aged and elderly adults. Specifically, the impact of DTR on ICH hospitalization risk differed significantly across seasons and between age groups. Elderly individuals demonstrated greater sensitivity to the impact of DTR. The findings of this study could be instrumental in the prevention and control of ICH.

Profiling the socioeconomic characteristics, dietary intake, and health status of Korean older adults for nutrition plan customization: a comparison of principal component, factor, and cluster analyses: Kyungsook Woo, Kirang Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024043. Published online April 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024043

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to establish profiles of socioeconomic characteristics, dietary intake, and health status among Korean older adults by employing 3 multivariate analysis techniques.
METHODS
Data were obtained from 1,352 adults aged 65 years and older who participated in the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and cluster analysis (CA) were utilized for profiling, with data preprocessing undertaken to facilitate these approaches.
RESULTS
PCA, FA, and CA yielded similar results, reflecting the high common variance among the variables. PCA identified 4 components, accounting for 71.6% of the accumulated variance. FA revealed 5 factors, displaying a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.51 and explaining 74.3% of the total variance. Finally, CA grouped the participants into 4 clusters (R2=0.465). Both PCA and FA identified dietary intake (energy, protein, carbohydrate, etc.), social support from family (incorporating family structure, number of family numbers, and engagement in social eating), and health status (encompassing oral, physical, and subjective health) as key factors. CA classified Korean older adults into 4 distinct typologies, with significant differences observed in dietary intake, health status, and household income (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
The study utilized PCA, FA, and CA to analyze profiling domains and derive characteristics of older adults in Korea, followed by a comparison of the results. The variables defining the clusters in CA were consistent with those identified by PCA and FA.; Summary

Korean summary
동일한 데이터셋을 사용하여 PCA, FA, CA를 이용한 프로파일링 분석이 한국의 노인들을 특성화하고 분류하기 위해 수행되었습니다. 분석 결과, 세 가지 기법은 한국 노인들의 특성에서 유사한 패턴을 보였습니다.

Key Message
Profiling analysis using PCA, FA, and CA was performed to characterize and classify older adults in Korea on the same dataset. As a result of the analysis, the three techniques showed similar patterns in the characteristics of Korean older adults.

Association between dietary and behavioral-based oxidative balance score and phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional study of Americans: Dongzhe Wu, Yulin Shen, Chaoyi Qu, Peng Huang, Xue Geng, Jianhong Zhang, Zhijian Rao, Qiangman Wei, Shijie Liu, Jiexiu Zhao; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024023. Published online January 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024023

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
In light of the rise in the global aging population, this study investigated the potential of the oxidative balance score (OBS) as an indicator of phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel) to better understand and potentially slow down aging.

METHODS

Utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 2001 and 2010, including 13,142 United States adults (48.7% female and 51.2% male) aged 20 and above, OBS and PhenoAgeAccel were calculated. Weighted generalized linear regression models were employed to explore the associations between OBS and PhenoAgeAccel, including a sex-specific analysis.

RESULTS

The OBS demonstrated significant variability across various demographic and health-related factors. There was a clear negative correlation observed between the higher OBS quartiles and PhenoAgeAccel, which presented sex-specific results: the negative association between OBS and PhenoAgeAccel was more pronounced in male than in female. An analysis using restricted cubic splines revealed no significant non-linear relationships. Interaction effects were noted solely in the context of sex and hyperlipidemia.

CONCLUSIONS

A higher OBS was significantly associated with a slower aging process, as measured by lower PhenoAgeAccel. These findings underscore the importance of OBS as a biomarker in the study of aging and point to sex and hyperlipidemia as variables that may affect this association. Additional research is required to confirm these results and to investigate the biological underpinnings of this relationship.

Summary

Key Message
• The study found a significant negative correlation between the oxidative balance score (OBS) and phenotypic age acceleration (PhenoAgeAccel), with higher OBS associated with slower biological aging. This association was more pronounced in males, and significant in individuals with high cholesterol.
• OBS can serve as an effective biomarker for studying the aging process and its association with lifestyle and dietary factors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Association between methyl donor nutrients’ dietary intake with phenotypic aging among US adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005–2018
Yong Li, Da Peng, Zhenyuan Yu, Jiaqi Deng, Lijuan Zhao, Ruoyan Cao
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of oxidative balance score with chronic kidney disease: NHANES 1999-2018
Haibin Wen, Xianhua Li, Jiangming Chen, Yi Li, Nailong Yang, Ning Tan
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between oxidative balance score and diabetic kidney disease, low estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross-sectional study
Cong Liu, Jiju Yang, Hongdian Li, Yuanyuan Deng, Pengfei He, Jiao Zhang, Mianzhi Zhang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Dose–response relationship of dietary Omega-3 fatty acids on slowing phenotypic age acceleration: a cross-sectional study
Dongzhe Wu, Yishuai Jia, Yujia Liu, Mingyu Shang
Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Dose-response relationship between leisure-time physical activity patterns and phenotypic age acceleration in American adults: A cross-sectional analysis
Dongzhe Wu, Peng Huang, Xue Geng, Chaoyi Qu, Zhijian Rao, Jianhong Zhang, Yulin Shen, Qiangman Wei, Shijie Liu, Jiexiu Zhao
Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness.2024; 22(4): 445. CrossRef

Associations of depressive symptoms with lower extremity function and balance in Korean older adults: Bong Jo Kim, Kyupin Ha, Hyun Soo Kim, Hye Ran Bae, Minkook Son; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024021. Published online January 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024021

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Abstract Summary PDF: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The relationship of depressive symptoms to lower extremity function and balance, especially in older adults without a depression diagnosis, remains unclear. Therefore, our study analyzed this relationship using a large sample of Korean older adults.
METHODS
We used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service’s Health Screening Program database. Individuals aged 66 years who had undergone the National Screening Program for Transitional Ages in Korea and were without a diagnosis of depressive disorder were included. The lower extremity function and balance were evaluated using 2 physical tests, while depressive symptoms were assessed using a 3-question survey. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between depressive symptoms and lower extremity function and balance.
RESULTS
Among 66,041 individuals, those with depressive symptoms showed significantly higher rates of abnormal lower extremity function and abnormal balance. The adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of depressive symptoms to abnormal lower extremity function and abnormal balance were (aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.44) and (aOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.29 to 1.48), respectively. Assessment of the relationship based on depressive symptom scores revealed that higher scores were associated with higher aORs (p for trend <0.001). Subgroup analyses further confirmed this relationship, especially among patients with cerebrovascular disease or dementia.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed an association between depressive symptoms and the abnormal lower extremity function and balance of 66-year-old individuals without a diagnosis of depressive disorder.; Summary

Key Message
• This study investigated the associations of depressive symptoms with lower extremity function and balance in 66-year-old individuals without a diagnosis of major depressive disorder.
• Older adults with depressive symptoms showed significantly higher levels of abnormal lower extremity function and balance than those without.
• Higher depressive symptom scores were associated with higher odds ratios for abnormal lower extremity function and balance.

Systematic Review

Effectiveness of community-based interventions for older adults living alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Inhye Kim, Hyunseo An, Sohyeon Yun, Hae Yean Park; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024013. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024013

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study examined the effectiveness of community-based interventions designed for older adults living alone through a systematic review and meta-analysis.

METHODS

The study incorporated 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 non-RCTs to evaluate various interventions. The methodological quality of these studies was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist, while Q-statistic and I-square tests were performed to examine statistical heterogeneity. Additionally, visual inspection of funnel plots and the trim-and-fill method were employed to investigate potential publication bias. Of the 2,729 identified studies, 9 met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Independent variables were categorized into 5 groups (physical activity, nutrition, social relationships, social participation, and combined intervention) to examine their effects. Dependent variables were similarly classified into 5 subgroups to identify the specific effects of the interventions.

RESULTS

Interventions focusing on nutrition and combined approaches were the most effective, yielding effect sizes of 0.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 1.25) and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.60), respectively. The interventions had the greatest impacts on the health behavior and mental health of the participants, with effect sizes of 0.98 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.22) for health behavior and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.19 to 1.16) for mental health.

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests a direction for the development of community-based interventions tailored to the needs of older adults living alone. Additionally, it provides evidence to inform policy decisions concerning this demographic.

Summary

Korean summary
본 연구는 독거 노인들 대상으로 한 지역사회 기반 중재의 효과에 대하여 탐색하고 그 효과 크기를 확인하기 위하여 체계적고찰 및 메타분석을 실시하였다. 영양 및 복합 중재가 특히 효과적이었으며, 이는 건강 행동과 정신건강에 있어 중요한 긍정적 효과를 나타내어 추후 개별적 맞춤 중재의 잠재적 효과성을 나타낸다. 이러한 발견은 독거노인 집단의 웰빙 향상을 위한 프로그램과 정책 입안에 근거로 활용될 수 있다.

Key Message
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of community-based interventions for older adults living alone, incorporating 9 studies to assess effectiveness in areas like nutrition and combined strategies. Results indicated significant benefits, particularly in health behavior and mental health, demonstrating the potential of tailored interventions. These findings support the development of targeted programs and policy decisions aimed at improving the well-being of this demographic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Effectiveness of a resilience-building nursing intervention on psychological well-being in Arab community-dwelling older adults
Walaa Badawy Mohamed Badawy, Amal Hashem Mohamed, Mostafa Shaban
Geriatric Nursing.2024; 60: 338. CrossRef

Original Articles

Identifying pregnancy episodes and estimating the last menstrual period using an administrative database in Korea: an application to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Yu-Seon Jung, Yeo-Jin Song, Jihyun Keum, Ju Won Lee, Eun Jin Jang, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Sun-Young Jung; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024012. Published online December 19, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024012

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study developed an algorithm for identifying pregnancy episodes and estimating the last menstrual period (LMP) in an administrative claims database and applied it to investigate the use of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants among pregnant women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

METHODS

An algorithm was developed and applied to a nationwide claims database in Korea. Pregnancy episodes were identified using a hierarchy of pregnancy outcomes and clinically plausible periods for subsequent episodes. The LMP was estimated using preterm delivery, sonography, and abortion procedure codes. Otherwise, outcome-specific estimates were applied, assigning a fixed gestational age to the corresponding pregnancy outcome. The algorithm was used to examine the prevalence of pregnancies and utilization of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants (cyclophosphamide [CYC]/mycophenolate mofetil [MMF]/methotrexate [MTX]) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during pregnancy in SLE patients.

RESULTS

The pregnancy outcomes identified in SLE patients included live births (67%), stillbirths (2%), and abortions (31%). The LMP was mostly estimated with outcome-specific estimates for full-term births (92.3%) and using sonography procedure codes (54.7%) and preterm delivery diagnosis codes (37.9%) for preterm births. The use of CYC/MMF/MTX decreased from 7.6% during preconception to 0.2% at the end of pregnancy. CYC/MMF/MTX use was observed in 3.6% of women within 3 months preconception and 2.5% during 0-7 weeks of pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents the first pregnancy algorithm using a Korean administrative claims database. Although further validation is necessary, this study provides a foundation for evaluating the safety of medications during pregnancy using secondary databases in Korea, especially for rare diseases.

Summary

Korean summary
임산부의 약물 사용 안전성에 대한 근거 제공을 위해 실제 인구집단에서의 임신 중 약물 치료 안전성을 평가하는 청구자료 기반 연구가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 청구자료에 적용할 수 있는 임신 정의 및 임신 결과 조작적 정의 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 본 알고리즘은 임신 결과 간의 우선순위를 고려한 계층 구조를 활용하며, 조기 분만 및 초음파 검사 코드 등을 통해 최종 월경 기간을 추정하였다. 또한 알고리즘을 전신홍반루푸스 환자에 적용하여 유산, 사산 등의 유병률을 산출하고 임신 중 잠재적으로 부적절한 면역억제제 사용을 파악하여 국내 청구자료의 특성을 고려한 임신 중 약물 사용 연구의 기반을 마련하였다.

Key Message
Limited safety data for pregnant women prompted recent studies on medication during pregnancy using real-world databases. This study developed a tailored algorithm for Korean healthcare claims database, employing a hierarchy of pregnancy outcomes and incorporating pre-term delivery and sonography codes for last menstrual period estimation. Applied to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, this study presented the prevalence and drug utilization pattern of pregnancy-incompatible immunosuppressants from preconception to pregnancy end, laying a foundation for further claims database studies on medication pregnancy safety.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Utilisation patterns of immunomodulators and pregnancy outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus: Insights from Korean national data
Yu-Seon Jung, Yeo-Jin Song, Hyeon Ji Lee, Eunji Kim, Soo-Kyung Cho, Yoon-Kyoung Sung, Sun-Young Jung
Lupus.2025; 34(2): 140. CrossRef

Decrease in household secondhand smoking among Korean adolescents associated with smoke-free policies: grade-period-cohort and interrupted time series analyses: Hana Kim, Heewon Kang, Sung-il Cho; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024009. Published online December 13, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024009

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Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material: Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Smoke-free areas have expanded and related campaigns have been implemented since 1995 in Korea. As a result, household secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has decreased over the past 15 years. We assessed the cohort effect, the effect of a 2008 campaign on household SHS exposure, and the impact of a complete smoking ban in public places along with increased penalties, as implemented in December 2011.
METHODS
Nationally representative cross-sectional 15-wave survey data of Korean adolescents were used. The 810,516 participants were classified into 6 grade groups, 15 period groups, and 20 middle school admission cohorts. An age-period-cohort analysis, conducted with the intrinsic estimator method, was used to assess the cohort effect of household SHS exposure, and interrupted-time series analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of the smoke-free policy and the campaign.
RESULTS
For cohorts who entered middle school from 2002 to 2008, the risk of household SHS exposure decreased among both boys and girls. Immediately after implementation of the smoke-free policy, the prevalence of household SHS exposure by period decreased significantly for boys (coefficient, -8.96; p<0.05) and non-significantly for girls (coefficient, -6.99; p=0.07). After the campaign, there was a significant decrease in household SHS exposure by cohort among boys, both immediately and post-intervention (coefficient, -4.84; p=0.03; coefficient, -1.22; p=0.02, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
A school-admission-cohort effect was found on household SHS exposure among adolescents, which was associated with the smoke-free policy and the campaign. Anti-smoking interventions should be implemented consistently and simultaneously.; Summary

Korean summary
지난 15년 동안 한국 청소년의 가정 내 간접흡연 노출은 감소했다. 가정 내 간접흡연 노출에 대하여 중학교 입학 코호트 효과가 존재하였다. 또한, 청소년의 가정 내 간접흡연 노출 감소는 2011년 12월 공공장소에서의 금연구역 규제와 2008년 시행된 캠페인과 연관되어 있었다.

Key Message
Household secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among Korean adolescents has decreased over the past 15 years. There was a school admission cohort effect on household SHS exposure. A complete smoking ban in public space with increased penalties in December 2011 and a campaign in 2008 to avoid SHS exposure were associated with reduced household SHS exposure among adolescents.

Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine status in the Korean population: data from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Sihan Song, Bo Mi Song, Hyun-Young Park; Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024007. Published online December 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024007

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2 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract Summary PDF Supplementary Material

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We aimed to assess the serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine status in Korean adolescents and adults using national data.

METHODS

Blood samples were collected from participants aged ≥10 years in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2015. The stored serum samples were used to measure folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine concentrations. A total of 8,016 participants were included in this analysis. Unweighted descriptive statistics and adjusted geometric means of the B vitamins and homocysteine concentrations were estimated.

RESULTS

Females had higher serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations and lower serum homocysteine concentrations than males. Folate deficiency (<6.8 nmol/L) and hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 μmol/L) were found in 8.6% and 11.8% of males, respectively. Approximately 3% of males had low or marginally low vitamin B12 status (≤221 pmol/L). Folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and hyperhomocysteinemia were found in <2% of females. Suboptimal folate status was prevalent among adolescents and young adults, while suboptimal vitamin B12 status and hyperhomocysteinemia were relatively higher in older adults. Adjusted mean homocysteine concentrations were sharply decreased from the first to second decile of serum folate in males.

CONCLUSIONS

In the Korean population, the proportion of males who achieved desirable folate and homocysteine concentrations were lower than those of females. Although most Koreans have adequate vitamin B12, a suboptimal folate status is common, particularly among adolescents and young adults. These findings could establish a foundation for public health initiatives aimed at improving folate levels in the Korean population.

Summary

Korean summary
엽산과 비타민B12는 전 생애에 걸쳐 건강에 영향을 미치는 필수 비타민이다. 그러나 해당 비타민 상태에 대한 국내 자료는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 참여자로부터 수집된 혈청으로부터 엽산, 비타민B12, 그리고 이들의 기능성 지표인 호모시스테인 농도를 측정하였고 성별과 연령별 분포와 적합 상태를 평가하였다. 엽산 결핍과 고호모시스테인혈증은 남성에서 높은 유병률을 가졌다. 적정 엽산 상태를 충족하지 못하는 비율은 청소년과 젊은 성인에서 흔하게 관찰되었다. 대부분의 한국인은 충분한 비타민B12 수준을 가졌으나, 노인의 경우 정기적인 평가가 필요하다. 본 연구는 한국인이 최적의 엽산과 비타민B12 상태를 유지하기 위한 기반적 근거를 제공한다.

Key Message
Folate and vitamin B12 have significant health impacts throughout the life cycle. However, national-level data on B vitamins in Korea are limited. Serum folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine concentrations were measured from samples stored during the national survey. In our study, the proportions of folate deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia were higher in men than in women.Suboptimal folate status was common among adolescents and young adults. Most Koreans had adequate levels of vitamin B12; however, regular monitoring is warranted, especially in the older population. The current data provide a future direction for achieving optimal B vitamin status in the Korean population.

Citations

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Essential micronutrients in children and adolescents with a focus on growth and development: a narrative review
Sukjin Hong
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2025; 42: 25. CrossRef

Food literacy and its relationship with food intake: a comparison between adults and older adults using 2021 Seoul Food Survey data: Seulgi Lee, Sohyun Park, Kirang Kim; Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023062. Published online July 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023062

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Abstract Summary PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to examine the differences in food literacy between adults and older adults and the association of food literacy with food group intake.

METHODS

In total, 4,039 participants from the 2021 Survey for Food Consumption in Seoul were included in this study. The intake of whole grains, high-protein foods, total vegetables, vegetables excluding kimchi and pickles, fresh fruits, and milk and dairy products was assessed using a simple food frequency questionnaire. Food literacy was measured using a food literacy measurement questionnaire.

RESULTS

With the exception of milk and dairy, adults had a significantly higher proportion of insufficient food intake than older adults (p<0.001). Both adults and older adults with sufficient food group consumption had higher food literacy scores. Notably, the difference in food literacy scores by level of food intake was highest for fresh fruits (p<0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors affecting food literacy scores, a higher score was associated with a lower probability of having insufficient food intake in all food groups for both adults and older adults. Specifically, those in the highest food literacy score quartile were less likely to have insufficient intake of vegetables (odds ratio [OR], 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.43) and fresh fruits (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.43), compared to the lowest quartile.

CONCLUSIONS

Improving food literacy is an important factor for promoting healthy food intake in older adults as well as adults. Therefore, it is necessary to develop intervention programs to work toward this goal.

Summary

Korean summary
건강정보 이해능력(health literacy)은 노인에서 만성질환이나 인지능력과의 관련성이 보고되고 있으나 영양정보 이해능력(food literacy)에 대한 연구는 미비하다. 급변하는 식이 환경에서 식사 및 영양과 관련된 정보를 올바르게 이해하고 판단할 수 있는 영양정보 이해능력은 노인성 질환 예방에 중요하다. 본 연구에서 영양정보 이해능력과 식품군 섭취와의 상관성을 분석한 결과 영양정보 이해능력이 높은 노인이 건강한 식품 섭취 부족 위험이 낮았다. 특히 과일 섭취 부족 위험은 영양정보 이해능력이 높은 노인에서 뚜렷하게 낮았다. 국내 영양정보 이해능력 연구는 초기 단계로 주로 성인 대상으로 연구가 이루어져서 본 연구에서의 결과는 그 의의가 크며, 영양정보 이해능력 향상은 성인과 마찬가지로 노인에서도 건강한 식품 섭취를 위한 중요한 요인으로서 이를 위한 프로그램 개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Key Message
The study on food literacy among older adults in Korea is significant as previous research has mostly focused on adults. The results showed that older adults with higher food literacy score had lower risk of insufficient food intake as compared with those with lower food literacy score. Specifically, the risk of insufficient fresh fruits intake was the lowest among older adults with higher food literacy score. Therefore, improving food literacy is an important factor for promoting healthy food consumption among older adults.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Does Health Literacy Mediate Sociodemographic and Economic Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake? An Analysis of Slovenian National HLS19 Survey Data
Andrej Kirbiš, Stefani Branilović, Maruša Lubej
Foods.2025; 14(3): 378. CrossRef
Self-perceived food literacy in relation to the quality of overall diet and main meals: A cross-sectional study in Japanese adults
Kentaro Murakami, Nana Shinozaki, Tsuyoshi Okuhara, Tracy A. McCaffrey, M. Barbara E. Livingstone
Appetite.2024; 196: 107281. CrossRef
Status of Food Literacy and Association with the Nutrition Quotient among Korean Adults
Geum-Bi Ryu, Young-Ran Heo
Human Ecology Research.2024; 62(3): 399. CrossRef

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