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1Department of Nursing, Kyung-In Women’s University, Inchon, Korea
2Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
©2016, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Total (n=9,193) | Any pterygium (n=935) | Bilateral pterygium (n=290) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | |||
40-49 | 2,639 | 95 (3.6) | 27 (0.9) |
50-59 | 2,403 | 189 (8.0) | 57 (2.5) |
60-69 | 2,216 | 293 (12.9) | 82 (3.7) |
≥70 | 1,935 | 358 (18.2) | 124 (7.3) |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Sex | |||
Male | 4,003 | 467 (9.8) | 147 (3.1) |
Female | 5,190 | 468 (7.9) | 143 (2.5) |
p-value | 0.003 | 0.11 | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 6,564 | 526 (7.2) | 162 (2.3) |
Rural | 2,629 | 409 (13.6) | 128 (4.1) |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
Education | |||
College/university or more | 3,581 | 581 (15.1) | 198 (5.7) |
High school | 1,407 | 148 (9.4) | 40 (2.6) |
Middle school | 2,479 | 140 (5.6) | 34 (1.2) |
Elementary school or less | 1,605 | 46 (2.7) | 10 (0.6) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Income (quartile)1 | |||
1st | 2,459 | 374 (13.6) | 120 (4.5) |
2nd | 2,167 | 241 (9.4) | 77 (3.2) |
3rd | 2,166 | 167 (7.0) | 42 (1.5) |
4th | 2,279 | 142 (5.9) | 47 (2.1) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Alcohol consumption | |||
No | 4,705 | 522 (9.5) | 171 (3.3) |
Yes | 4,355 | 398 (8.2) | 115 (2.3) |
p-value | 0.07 | 0.01 | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 5,471 | 531 (8.5) | 162 (2.6) |
Smoker | 3,610 | 390 (9.2) | 125 (3.0) |
p-value | 0.31 | 0.29 | |
Sunlight exposure (hr) | |||
<5 | 6,696 | 547 (7.5) | 168 (2.3) |
≥5 | 2,476 | 387 (12.8) | 122 (4.3) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Obesity (body mass index, kg/m2) | |||
< 25 | 5,993 | 612 (8.6) | 191 (2.9) |
≥ 25 | 3,184 | 321 (9.0) | 98 (2.6) |
p-value | 0.61 | 0.42 | |
Diabetes mellitus | |||
No | 7,241 | 709 (8.4) | 220 (2.6) |
Yes | 1,154 | 134 (10.1) | 45 (3.6) |
p-value | 0.13 | 0.10 | |
Hypertension | |||
No | 4,976 | 419 (7.0) | 127 (2.0) |
Yes | 4,119 | 506 (11.2) | 160 (3.8) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | |||
No | 7,053 | 719 (8.8) | 35 (2.3) |
Yes | 1,362 | 131 (8.2) | 232 (2.8) |
p-value | 0.52 | 0.31 |
Characteristics | Total (n=9,193) | Any pterygium (n=935) | Bilateral pterygium (n=290) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | |||
40-49 | 2,639 | 95 (3.6) | 27 (0.9) |
50-59 | 2,403 | 189 (8.0) | 57 (2.5) |
60-69 | 2,216 | 293 (12.9) | 82 (3.7) |
≥70 | 1,935 | 358 (18.2) | 124 (7.3) |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Sex | |||
Male | 4,003 | 467 (9.8) | 147 (3.1) |
Female | 5,190 | 468 (7.9) | 143 (2.5) |
p-value | 0.003 | 0.11 | |
Residence | |||
Urban | 6,564 | 526 (7.2) | 162 (2.3) |
Rural | 2,629 | 409 (13.6) | 128 (4.1) |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
Education | |||
College/university or more | 3,581 | 581 (15.1) | 198 (5.7) |
High school | 1,407 | 148 (9.4) | 40 (2.6) |
Middle school | 2,479 | 140 (5.6) | 34 (1.2) |
Elementary school or less | 1,605 | 46 (2.7) | 10 (0.6) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Income (quartile) |
|||
1st | 2,459 | 374 (13.6) | 120 (4.5) |
2nd | 2,167 | 241 (9.4) | 77 (3.2) |
3rd | 2,166 | 167 (7.0) | 42 (1.5) |
4th | 2,279 | 142 (5.9) | 47 (2.1) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Alcohol consumption | |||
No | 4,705 | 522 (9.5) | 171 (3.3) |
Yes | 4,355 | 398 (8.2) | 115 (2.3) |
p-value | 0.07 | 0.01 | |
Smoking | |||
Non-smoker | 5,471 | 531 (8.5) | 162 (2.6) |
Smoker | 3,610 | 390 (9.2) | 125 (3.0) |
p-value | 0.31 | 0.29 | |
Sunlight exposure (hr) | |||
<5 | 6,696 | 547 (7.5) | 168 (2.3) |
≥5 | 2,476 | 387 (12.8) | 122 (4.3) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Obesity (body mass index, kg/m2) | |||
< 25 | 5,993 | 612 (8.6) | 191 (2.9) |
≥ 25 | 3,184 | 321 (9.0) | 98 (2.6) |
p-value | 0.61 | 0.42 | |
Diabetes mellitus | |||
No | 7,241 | 709 (8.4) | 220 (2.6) |
Yes | 1,154 | 134 (10.1) | 45 (3.6) |
p-value | 0.13 | 0.10 | |
Hypertension | |||
No | 4,976 | 419 (7.0) | 127 (2.0) |
Yes | 4,119 | 506 (11.2) | 160 (3.8) |
p-value | <0.001 | < 0.001 | |
Hypercholesterolemia | |||
No | 7,053 | 719 (8.8) | 35 (2.3) |
Yes | 1,362 | 131 (8.2) | 232 (2.8) |
p-value | 0.52 | 0.31 |
Classification | n | % (SE) | Age (yr) |
p-value for trend for age | p-value for sex | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ≥70 | |||||
Any pterygium | ||||||||
All | 935 | 8.8 (0.4) | 3.6(0.5) | 8.0 (0.8) | 12.9 (0.8) | 18.2 (1.1) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Male | 467 | 9.8 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.8) | 9.6(1.2) | 15.3 (1.4) | 18.7 (1.6) | <0.001 | |
Female | 468 | 7.9 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) | 6.4 (0.9) | 10.8 (1.0) | 17.8 (1.4) | <0.001 |
Pterygium | n | % (SE) | Age (yr) |
p-value for trend for age | p-value for sex | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 | ≥70 | |||||
T1 | 0.41 | |||||||
All | 449 | 50.5 (2.5) | 64.8 (5.7) | 59.3 (3.9) | 41.6 (3.9) | 43.7 (3.3) | <0.001 | |
Male | 219 | 49.1 (2.9) | 64.6 (7.3) | 54.4 (5.2) | 37.8 (4.8) | 43.2 (4.6) | 0.006 | |
Female | 230 | 52.2 (3.4) | 65.0 (8.9) | 66.5 (5.8) | 46.5 (6.2) | 44.1 (4.5) | 0.007 | |
T2 | 0.41 | |||||||
All | 361 | 37.5 (2.2) | 26.7 (5.2) | 32.1 (3.7) | 44.4 (3.9) | 41.4 (3.3) | 0.01 | |
Male | 186 | 39.0 (2.8) | 27.2 (6.9) | 34.6 (5.0) | 49.5 (5.0) | 41.6 (4.5) | 0.04 | |
Female | 175 | 35.8 (3.1) | 25.6 (7.3) | 28.5 (5.4) | 37.8 (5.9) | 41.3 (4.6) | 0.17 | |
T3 | 0.96 | |||||||
All | 123 | 12.0 (1.5) | 8.6 (3.2) | 8.6(2.7) | 14.0 (2.5) | 14.9 (2.5) | 0.23 | |
Male | 61 | 11.9 (1.9) | 8.2 (4.0) | 11.0 (4.1) | 12.7 (3.1) | 15.2 (3.6) | 0.66 | |
Female | 62 | 12.1 (1.5) | 9.4 (5.5) | 5.0 (2.8) | 15.6 (4.1) | 14.6 (3.4) | 0.19 |
Characteristics | Crude | p-value | Age-sex adjusted | p-value | Adjusted | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | ||||||
40-49 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
50-59 | 2.3 (l.8, 3.1) | <0.001 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.1) | 0.008 | ||
60-69 | 4.0 (3.0, 5.4) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.5, 2.9) | < 0.001 | ||
≥70 | 6.0 (4.5, 8.1) | <0.001 | 3.2 (2.2, 4.5) | < 0.001 | ||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||||
Female | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.003 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | < 0.001 | ||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Rural | 2.0 (1.7, 2.5) | <0.001 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | <0.001 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | 0.003 |
Education | ||||||
College/university or more | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
High school | 2.1 (1.4, 3.2) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.5, 3.3) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.4, 3.1) | 0.001 |
Middle school | 3.8 (2.6, 5.6) | <0.001 | 3.3 (2.2, 4.9) | <0.001 | 2.9 (1.9, 4.5) | < 0.001 |
Elementary school or less | 6.5 (4.6, 9.1) | <0.001 | 4.5 (3.1,6.6) | <0.001 | 4.0 (2.7, 6.0) | < 0.001 |
Income (quartile) | ||||||
4th | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
3rd | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.25 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.35 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.88 |
2nd | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 0.002 | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.06 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.71 |
1st | 2.5 (1.9, 3.2) | <0.001 | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 0.03 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.63 |
Alcohol consumption | ||||||
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Yes | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.07 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.40 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.57 |
Smoking | ||||||
Non-smoker | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Smoker | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.31 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.03 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.003 |
Sunlight exposure (hr) | ||||||
<5 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
≥5 | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) | <0.001 | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.29 |
Obesity (body mass index, kg/m2) | ||||||
< 25 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
≥25 | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | 0.61 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.30 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.52 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Yes | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.13 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.25 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.33 |
Hypertension | ||||||
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Yes | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.32 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.38 |
Hypercholesterolemia | ||||||
No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Yes | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.52 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.19 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.44 |
Values are presented as number (%). p-values based on analysis of variance or chi-square test as appropriate. Equivalised household income weighted by family number.
SE, standard error.
SE, standard error; T1, atrophic: episcleral vessels clearly visible; T2, intermediate: vessels partially visible; T3, opaque: vessels wholly obscured.
Values are presented as odds ratio (95% confidence interval).