Figure 1Mean pulse wave velocity (PWV) with 95% confidence interval by obesity groups defined by waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference independent of hip circumference based on the residual method (WC [RM]) (A: male, B: female).
Figure 2
Adjusted odds ratios* with 95% confidence interval for high pulse wave velocity (PWV) by the quintiles of waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist circumference independent of hip circumference based on residual method (WC [RM])†. *Adjusted for age, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, pack-year, hypertension, and BMI; †Further adjusted for the residual of hip circumference.
OR: odds ratio.
Table 1Anthropometry and pulse wave velocity related variables
|
Male (n=288)
|
Female (n=489)
|
p* |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Age |
62.18 |
10.01 |
60.09 |
10.38 |
<0.01 |
Body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) |
23.56 |
3.10 |
24.90 |
3.35 |
<0.01 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
86.80 |
8.43 |
86.91 |
8.88 |
|
Waist to hip ratio†
|
0.95 |
0.03 |
0.95 |
0.03 |
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
126.48 |
17.11 |
125.47 |
16.78 |
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) |
80.59 |
9.91 |
80.29 |
9.29 |
|
Heart rate |
63.27 |
10.77 |
66.73 |
11.33 |
<0.01 |
Pulse wave velocity (right, cm/sec)‡
|
1549.67 |
|
1504.70 |
|
<0.05 |
Pulse wave velocity (left, cm/sec)‡
|
1561.52 |
|
1507.33 |
|
<0.05 |
Pulse wave velocity (mean, cm/sec)‡
|
1556.58 |
|
1507.18 |
|
<0.05 |
Pack-Year§
|
636.8 |
492.6 |
231.7 |
194.9 |
|
Prevalence (%)∥
|
|
|
|
|
|
Overweight |
30.6 |
|
47.2 |
|
<0.01 |
Abdominal obesity |
42.4 |
|
81.8 |
|
<0.01 |
High waist to hip ratio |
57.6 |
|
84.9 |
|
<0.01 |
High pulse wave velocity |
27.8 |
|
25.5 |
|
|
Table 2Pearson and partial correlation between obesity indices and pulse wave velocity
|
Male
|
Female
|
Unad
justed
|
Adjusted‡
|
Adjus-ted§
|
Unadjusted |
Adjusted‡
|
Adjusted§
|
Waist circumference |
-0.08 |
-0.07 |
-0.04 |
0.17†
|
-0.08 |
0.13†
|
Waist to hip ratio |
0.08 |
-0.01 |
0.03 |
0.32†
|
0.07 |
0.16†
|
Waist circumference |
0.01 |
-0.04 |
-0.04 |
0.11†
|
0.13 |
0.13†
|
(residual method) |
|
|
|
|
|
|