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Gender-specific associations among neck circumference, the rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism, and the 14-year risk of metabolic syndrome in the Korean adult population
Inkyung Baik
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024072.   Published online August 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024072
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  • 41 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Limited data exist on the relation between neck circumference (NC) and the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MS). This study investigated gender-specific associations between NC and the 14-year risk of MS and explored the impact of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on these associations.
METHODS
This population-based prospective cohort study involved 2,666 participants (1,301 men and 1,365 women), who were free of MS at baseline (2005-2006). Incident MS cases, defined by the presence of 3 or more criteria regarding blood pressure and blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, were identified through biennial examinations until 2020. NC measurements taken at baseline and between 2013 and 2014 were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression to determine gender-specific associations with MS risk.
RESULTS
Controlling for potential confounders such as waist circumference (WC), significant associations were observed in both genders. Individuals in the highest NC quartile exhibited more than a 2-fold higher MS risk than those in the lowest quartile; with hazard ratios of 2.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74 to 3.22) for men and 2.65 (95% CI, 1.89 to 3.72) for women (p for trend <0.001). No significant interaction was found between the <i>FTO</i> polymorphism and NC. In diagnostic test analyses, NC and WC demonstrated comparable area under the curve values in both genders.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings suggest that NC is as effective as WC for predicting the incidence of MS.
Summary
Korean summary
허리둘레는 고혈압, 고혈당, 고지혈증의 위험과 밀접한 관련성을 나타내므로, 대사증후군의 구성 요소로 사용되어 왔다. 하지만 허리둘레 측정 시 피험자의 복장, 자세, 공복 및 식후 상태, 호흡 상태에 따라 측정 오차가 발생한다고 알려졌다. 본 연구는 한국 성인을 대상으로 14년간 진행된 전향적 코호트 연구 자료를 분석하여 목둘레가 허리둘레를 대신해서 대사증후군 위험을 예측할 수 있다는 결과를 확인하였다.
Key Message
Waist circumference has served as an anthropometric component of metabolic syndrome based on data regarding close associations with high blood pressure, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. However, measurement errors of waist circumference due to the subject’s clothing, posture, fasting or postprandial state, and respiratory phase have been pointed out. This 14-year prospective cohort study including Korean adults has revealed that neck circumference can serve as a comparative indicator to waist circumference for predicting metabolic syndrome risk.
Predictive ability of the Chinese visceral adiposity index for incident hypertension in working-aged Koreans
Ju Young Jung, Chang-Mo Oh, Hyun chul Jo, Sung Keun Park
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024034.   Published online February 27, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024034
  • 4,132 View
  • 138 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) was developed to assess visceral adipose tissue in the Asian population. This study evaluated the predictive ability of the CVAI for incident hypertension in Korean adults.
METHODS
The study participants included 128,577 Koreans without hypertension. They were grouped in quartiles according to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), visceral adipose index (VAI), and CVAI values. The Cox proportional hazard assumption was used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident hypertension (adjusted HR [95% CI]) according to quartile level across a follow-up period of 6.9 years. Subgroup analyses were conducted by gender and obesity. The area under the curve was calculated to compare the predictive abilities of all indices (BMI, WC, VAI, and CVAI) for incident hypertension.
RESULTS
The CVAI was proportionally associated with the risk of hypertension in all participants (quartile 1: reference; quartile 2: 1.71 [95% CI, 1.59 to 1.82]; quartile 3: 2.41 [95% CI, 2.25 to 2.58]; and quartile 4: 3.46 [95% CI, 3.23 to 3.71]). Time dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis indicated that the CVAI was superior to BMI, WC, and VAI in predicting hypertension at the 2-year, 4-year, 6-year, and 8-year follow-ups. This finding was also observed in the gender and obesity subgroups. The predictive ability of the CVAI was greater in the women and non-obese subgroups than in the men and obese subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS
The CVAI was a stronger predictor of hypertension than BMI, WC, and VAI.
Summary
Korean summary
고혈압은 심혈관 질환의 주요 원인이다. 내장 지방은 비만에서 고혈압의 병태 생리에 중요한 역할을 한다. 최근의 연구는 Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI)가 다른 비만 지표 보다 아시아 인에서 심혈관 질환의 고 위험군을 더욱 잘 구분해 낸다는 것을 보고하였다. 우리는 체질량 지수, 허리 둘레, visceral adiposity index, CVAI의 고혈압에 대한 예측력을 비교 하였다. 우리의 연구는 CVAI가 고혈압을 예측하는데 있어 다른 지표 보다 우월하다는 것을 보여주었다.
Key Message
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is known that visceral adiposity has an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in obesity. Recent studies have demonstrated that Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) is more discriminative the high risk group for cardiovascular disease in Asians than other obesity indices. We compared the predictive ability for the development hypertension among body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity index, and CVAI. Our study showed that CVAI is superior to predict hypertension than other indices.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association of traditional and novel obesity indicators with stroke risk: Findings from the Rural Chinese cohort study
    Dongdong Zhang, Weifeng Huo, Weiling Chen, Xi Li, Pei Qin, Ming Zhang, Jing Li, Xizhuo Sun, Yu Liu, Dongsheng Hu
    Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2024; 34(9): 2065.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of obesity indicators for predicting cardiovascular risk factors and multimorbidity among the Chinese population based on ROC analysis
    Xiang Feng, Jinhua Zhu, Zhaolai Hua, Shenghua Yao, Haiyuan Tong
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Mediating effect of lower extremity muscle on the relationship between obesity and osteoarthritis in middle-aged and elderly women in Korea: based on the 2009-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Minjun Kim, Joonwoong Kim, Inhwan Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024027.   Published online February 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024027
  • 5,013 View
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  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated whether the lower extremity muscle mass index (LMI) mediates the relationship between general obesity, central obesity, and knee osteoarthritis in middle-aged and elderly women in Korea.
METHODS
Data of 2,843 women aged ≥50 years were collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2009 and 2011. General obesity and central obesity were evaluated based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), calculated through anthropometric measurements and body composition assessments. LMI was calculated by dividing the muscle mass in both legs—measured using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry—by body weight. Knee osteoarthritis was defined as a Kellgren-Lawrence scale (KL) grade of ≥2 as assessed through radiographic images.
RESULTS
Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, indicated by KL grades, was significantly higher in the general obesity and central obesity groups compared to the normal group, and conversely, lower with varying LMI levels. Using mediation analysis with bootstrapping and adjusting for covariates, we found that LMI mediated the relationship between BMI and KL (β, 0.005; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.000 to 0.010) and WC and KL grade (β, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.003), explaining 4.8% and 6.7% of the total effects of BMI and WC on KL grade, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The study suggested that LMI partially mediates the link between general obesity and/or central obesity and knee osteoarthritis, proposing that a higher proportion of lower limb muscle mass relative to body weight can alleviate the increased risk of knee osteoarthritis caused by obesity.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 한국의 50세 이상 여성들을 대상으로 비만 및 복부비만과 무릎골관절염의 관계에 대한 다리근육비율의 매개 효과를 분석한 결과, 다리근육비율은 비만의 진단하는 사용되는 체질량지수, 복부비만의 진단에 사용되는 허리둘레와 무릎 골관절염의 진단에 사용되는 KL등급의 관계를 부분적으로 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 다리근육의 강화가 비만 및 복부비만으로 인한 무릎골관절염의 위험을 완화할 수 있음을 시사하며, 건강한 생활습관과 규칙적인 근력운동의 병행을 통해 다리 근육을 강화하는 것이 무릎 골관절염의 예방을 위한 전략으로 권장되어야 함을 시사한다.
Key Message
Research examining the mediating effect of lower extremity muscle mass on the relationships of knee osteoarthritis to general and central obesity is scarce. Herein, we demonstrate the mediating effect of lean mass index on the relationships of knee osteoarthritis with body mass index and waist circumference in Korean women aged 50 years or older. We propose that strengthening leg muscles may mitigate, to some extent, the risk of knee osteoarthritis associated with general and central obesity. We recommend a regimen for strengthening leg muscles through healthy lifestyle habits and regular strength training, in conjunction with weight and abdominal fat management.

Citations

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  • Roles of low muscle strength and sarcopenic obesity on incident symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: A longitudinal cohort study
    Laijun Yan, Haiya Ge, Zhengming Wang, Anping Shen, Qinguang Xu, Ding Jiang, Yuelong Cao, Simone Agostini
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(10): e0311423.     CrossRef
Positive association of unhealthy plant-based diets with the incidence of abdominal obesity in Korea: a comparison of baseline, most recent, and cumulative average diets
Sukyoung Jung, Sohyun Park
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022063.   Published online August 2, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022063
  • 8,008 View
  • 279 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Different approaches for analyzing repeated dietary measurements may yield differences in the magnitude and interpretation of findings. We aimed to compare 3 dietary measurements (baseline, most recent, and cumulative average) in terms of the association between plant-based diet indices (PDIs) and incident abdominal obesity in Korean adults aged 40-69 years.
METHODS
This study included 6,054 participants (54% women) free of abdominal obesity (defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm for men and ≥85 cm for women) at baseline. As exposures, baseline, most recent, and cumulative average measurements for PDI, healthy-PDI (hPDI), and unhealthy-PDI (uPDI) were created. A Cox proportional-hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) for abdominal obesity.
RESULTS
During 45,818 person-years of follow-up (median, 9 years), we identified 1,778 incident cases of abdominal obesity. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, a higher uPDI was associated with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in both total and stratified analyses. The findings were consistent across all approaches (Q5 vs. Q1: HRbaseline=1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46 to 1.98; HRmost recent=1.52; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.78; HRcumulative average=1.76; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.06 in the total set). PDI showed no meaningful association with abdominal obesity risk in any analyses. hPDIaverage had a suggestive inverse association with abdominal obesity risk in men, and hPDIbaseline had a positive association with abdominal obesity risk in women.
CONCLUSIONS
Greater adherence to unhealthy plant-based diets may increase the risk of developing abdominal obesity in Korean adults. The findings were generally consistent across all approaches.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 한국인 유전체역학조사사업의 안성안산코호트 조사에 참여한 40-69세 한국 성인 6,054명을 대상으로 식물성 기반의 식이 지수와 복부비만 간 연관성이 식이 노출 기간(기반, 최근, 누적 노출)에 따라 어떻게 다른지 비교 분석하였다. 건강하지 않은 식물성 기반의 식이 지수 점수가 높을수록 복부비만 발생 위험이 증가하였고, 식이 노출 기간에 관계없이 일관된 결과를 보였다. 식물성 기반의 식이가 반드시 건강에 유익한 것은 아니며, 정제된 곡물, 탄산음료, 사탕 등 간식류를 많이 먹는 식이 패턴은 식물성 기반 식이라 할지라도 복부비만 위험을 증가시킬 수 있으므로 주의가 필요하다.
Key Message
Unhealthy plant-based diets, including refined grains, sugar-sweetened beverages, sweets and desserts, and salty plant foods, can have a negative effect on abdominal obesity in Korean adults regardless of its exposure duration.

Citations

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  • Plant-based diets and the gut microbiome: findings from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
    Xinyi Shen, Curtis Tilves, Hyunju Kim, Toshiko Tanaka, Adam P Spira, Chee W Chia, Sameera A. Talegawkar, Luigi Ferrucci, Noel T Mueller
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2024; 119(3): 628.     CrossRef
  • Association Between Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Korean Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
    Bayarmaa Nasan Ulzii, Kyungjoon Lim, Sangah Shin
    Nutrition.2024; : 112579.     CrossRef
  • Scoping review of the association of plant-based diet quality with health outcomes
    Richard M. Rosenfeld, Hailey M. Juszczak, Michele A. Wong
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
Associations of smoking with overall obesity, and central obesity: a cross-sectional study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2013)
Yeonjung Kim, Seong Min Jeong, Bora Yoo, Bitna Oh, Hee-Cheol Kang
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016020.   Published online May 19, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016020
  • 19,499 View
  • 286 Download
  • 23 Web of Science
  • 25 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The association between smoking and obesity is a significant public health concern. Both are preventable risk factors of cardiovascular disease and a range of other conditions. However, despite numerous previous studies, no consensus has emerged regarding the effect of smoking on obesity. We therefore carried out a novel study evaluating the relationship between smoking and obesity.
METHODS
A total of 5,254 subjects aged 19 years or older drawn from the 2010-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this cross-sectional study. Smoking was examined both in terms of smoking status and the quantity of cigarettes smoked by current smokers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between smoking and obesity. Overall obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, and central obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for males and ≥85 cm for females. We adjusted for the possible confounding effects of age, sex, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and the presence of hypertension or diabetes.
RESULTS
A statistically significant difference in central obesity according to smoking status was identified. Current smokers were more likely to be centrally obese than never-smokers (adjusted odds ratio,1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.67). However, no significant association was found between smoking and obesity defined by BMI. Moreover, among current smokers, no statistically significant association was found between the daily amount of smoking and obesity or central obesity.
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking was positively associated with central obesity. Current smokers should be acquainted that they may be more prone to central obesity.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 국민건강영양조사(2010-2013) 자료를 이용하여 한국 성인에서 흡연과 비만의 연관성을 분석하였다. 현재 흡연자는 비흡연자와 비교하여 비만의 위험도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 복부비만의 위험도는 유의하게 증가하였다. 흡연이 복부 비만의 위험증가와 연관성이 있음을 확인하였으며 향후 인과관계 및 기전 규명을 위한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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Relations of Pulse Wave Velocity to Waist Circumference Independent of Hip Circumference
Min Jung Ko, Mi Kyung Kim, Jinho Shin, Bo Youl Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010004.   Published online May 3, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010004
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  • 97 Download
  • 10 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Little is known about the effect of waist circumference (WC) on brachial artery pulse wave velocity (baPWV) independent of hip circumference (HC). Therefore, this study aimed to dissociate specific effect of WC on baPWV independent of HC.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>Of 1,053 rural residents (2004-2005), 777 subjects with no known history of coronary artery diseases or diabetes mellitus over 40 yr were included. To reduce collinearity, we assessed the independent effect of WC with HC on PWV by residual method (WC [RM]).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>In women, most correlation coefficients were significant between measures of abdominal obesity and baPWV, with the highest (0.32) in waist to hip ratio (WHR), whereas no significance was found in men. All mean values of baPWV among the abdominally obese were higher than those of normal group in women, which were in the order of WHR, WC (RM), and WC. Adjusted OR with 95% CI for baPWV was significantly elevated by increase of WC (RM) upto 4.8 (95% CI: 2.1-11.2), and as 4.3 by WHR (95% CI: 1.6-11.4).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Considering the difficulty in biologically interpreting WHR, WC (RM) may be a useful indicator of abdominal obesity among females in that it reflects the risk of pulse wave velocity.</p></sec>
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The Association Between Adiponectin and Diabetes in the Korean Population.
Sun Ha Jee, Hee Yeon Lee, Sun Ju Lee, Ji Eun Yun, Eun Jung Jee, Hye Yun Song, Sang Yeun Kim, Jungyong Park, Hyon Suk Kim
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
BACKGROUND
As indicators of obesity, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and adiponectin are well known risk factor for diabetes mellitus. The objectives of this study were to measure the independent association between these obesity indicators and diabetes and to examine the combined effect of these indicators on diabetes in a Korean population.
METHODS
The WC, BMI, and serum adiponectin were measured in 6,505 healthy Koreans and were classified into tertile groups for men and women. The independent and combined associations of the obesity indicators with diabetes were measured using logistic regression analyses. Diabetes was defined as fasting serum glucose greater than 126 mg/dL or taking medication.
RESULTS
Levels of adiponectin were inversely associated with BMI and WC and directly associated with age and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) cholesterol (P <0.001). After adjusting for age, WC, and other lifestyle factors, low levels of adiponectin were associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes. Further adjustment for HDL cholesterol and triglyceride attenuated this association in both men and women. The best cut-off value of adiponectin in terms of identifying the presence of diabetes was 5.5 /ml with a sensitivity and specificity of 46.7% and 63.9% for men and 9.5 /ml with a sensitivity and specificity of 68.2% and 55.2 for women.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that adiponectin was associated with diabetes. The association was independent of WC and was partly modified by HDL and triglyceride. There were no effect modifications of adiponectin with WC on diabetes.
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Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
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