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Department of Public Health, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
©2021, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Total | Normal eGFR- |
Low eGFR- |
RHF |
p-value |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal FLI | Fatty liver | Normal FLI | Fatty liver | Normal FLI | Fatty liver | ||||
Total (%) | 1,552 (100) | 474 (30.5) | 527 (33.9) | 190 (12.2) | 288 (18.5) | 40 (2.6) | 33 (2.1) | ||
Deaths (column %) | 919 (59.2) | 254 (53.6) | 351 (66.6) | 81 (42.6) | 177 (61.4) | 32 (80.0) | 24 (72.7) | <0.001 | |
CVD deaths (column %) | 406 (26.1) | 98 (20.7) | 158 (30.0) | 42 (22.1) | 80 (27.8) | 17 (42.5) | 11 (33.3) | 0.001 | |
Age (yr) | 54.4 [48.4, 54.8] | 54.4 [48.3, 55.0] | 54.5 [48.8, 60.2] | 54.4 [48.3, 54.5] | 54.4 [48.7, 54.8] | 54.3 [48.3, 54.5] | 54.4 [48.2, 54.9] | 0.003 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 [24.5, 28.7] | 24.5 [23.1, 25.8] | 28.1 [26.6, 30.4] | 24.5 [23.0, 25.7] | 28.6 [26.8, 30.5] | 24.5 [23.2, 25.6] | 26.6 [25.2, 29.5] | <0.001 | |
Smoking status (column %) | <0.001 | ||||||||
Never smokers | 458 (29.5) | 147 (31.0) | 133 (25.0) | 85 (45.0) | 83 (29.0) | 6 (15.0) | 4 (12.0) | ||
Previous smokers | 558 (35.9) | 132 (27.8) | 209 (40.0) | 65 (34.0) | 130 (45.0) | 7 (18.0) | 15 (45.0) | ||
Current smokers | 536 (34.5) | 195 (41.0) | 185 (35.0) | 40 (21.0) | 75 (26.0) | 27 (68.0) | 14 (42.0) | ||
Alcohol consumption (g/wk) | 42.6 [12.4, 105.1] | 27.9 [9.6, 72.7] | 54.9 [22.0, 125.0] | 33.4 [10.2, 86.0] | 51.0 [17.0, 138.6] | 48.0 [11.9, 128.4] | 76.0 [41.5, 197.0] | <0.001 | |
Hypertension (%) | 441 (28.4) | 87 (18.0) | 193 (37.0) | 39 (21.0) | 106 (37.0) | 10 (25.0) | 6 (18.0) | <0.001 | |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 85.0 [76.3, 95.4] | 72.4 [68.3, 75.8] | 71.9 [67.4, 75.3] | 89.8 [83.6, 96.8] | 88.6 [83.9, 96.9] | 107.5 [104.8, 111.1] | 108.6 [105.9, 113.6] | <0.001 | |
FLI | 33.8 [17.3, 57.4] | 16.2 [11.9, 23.3] | 53.2 [40.4, 73.0] | 15.9 [9.4, 23.0] | 54.3 [42.4, 73.7] | 14.5 [9.7, 23.8] | 52.6 [36.2, 70.4] | <0.001 | |
Follow-up in years | 28.9 [20.1, 31.1] | 29.8 [22.1, 31.4] | 28.3 [21.3, 30.5] | 29.7 [21.7, 31.7] | 26.7 [18.3, 30.4] | 22.6 [14.9, 30.1] | 23.4 [12.2, 29.8] | <0.001 |
Characteristics | RHF | Fatty liver |
---|---|---|
Age in years | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) |
Normal weight | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Slightly overweight | 0.71 (0.39, 1.29) | 7.14 (5.18, 9.95) |
Overweight | 0.46 (0.19, 1.07) |
57.45 (36.79, 92.31) |
Obese | 0.29 (0.09, 0.81) |
∞ (all obese) |
Alcohol consumption (100 g/wk) | 1.05 (0.87, 1.18) | 1.46 (1.27, 1.69) |
Never smoker | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Previous smoker | 2.00 (0.95, 4.50) |
1.50 (1.05, 2.14) |
Current smoker | 3.44 (1.75, 7.42) |
1.41 (0.98, 2.02) |
Hypertension | 0.84 (0.45, 1.47) | 1.44 (1.05, 1.98) |
Normal FLI | 1.00 (reference) | - |
Fatty liver | 1.10 (0.59, 2.03) | - |
Normal eGFR | - | 1.00 (reference) |
Low eGFR | - | 1.60 (1.18, 2.19) |
RHF | - | 1.24 (0.66, 2.30) |
Characteristics | All-cause mortality |
Cardiovascular disease mortality |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of events | Crude HR (95% CI) |
Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of events | Crude HR (95% CI) |
Fully adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
Normal weight | 263 (504) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 103 (504) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Slightly overweight | 285 (491) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 1.19 (0.81, 1.76) | 133 (491) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 1.84 (0.98, 3.45) |
Overweight | 199 (308) | 1.17 (0.97, 1.40) | 1.46 (0.95, 2.24) | 84 (308) | 1.25 (0.93, 1.66) | 2.73 (1.40, 5.31) |
Obese | 172 (249) | 1.35 (1.12, 1.64) | 1.37 (0.86, 2.18) | 86 (249) | 1.70 (1.28, 2.27) | 2.16 (1.03, 4.50) |
Never smoker | 198 (458) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 93 (458) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Previous smoker | 328 (558) | 1.45 (1.22, 1.73) | 1.63 (1.12, 2.36) | 141 (558) | 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) | 1.77 (0.92, 3.37) |
Current smoker | 393 (536) | 2.74 (2.31, 3.25) | 3.82 (2.74, 5.33) | 172 (536) | 2.54 (1.97, 3.27) | 5.23 (2.96, 9.24) |
Hypertension | 298 (441) | 1.28 (1.11, 1.47) | 1.32 (1.15, 1.53) | 146 (441) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.82) | 1.51 (1.22, 1.86) |
Normal eGFR | ||||||
Normal FLI | 254 (474) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 98 (474) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Fatty liver | 351 (527) | 1.43 (1.21, 1.68) | 1.35 (1.09, 1.66) | 158 (527) | 1.66 (1.29, 2.13) | 1.37 (0.99, 1.89) |
Low eGFR | ||||||
Normal FLI | 81 (190) | 0.73 (0.57, 0.94) | 0.87 (0.67, 1.12) | 42 (190) | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 1.18 (0.82, 1.70) |
Fatty liver | 177 (288) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.28) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.33) | 80 (288) | 1.21 (0.9, 1.63) | 1.04 (0.73, 1.48) |
RHF | ||||||
Normal FLI | 32 (40) | 2.07 (1.43, 2.99) | 1.67 (1.15, 2.42) | 17 (40) | 2.83 (1.69, 4.74) | 2.29 (1.36, 3.85) |
Fatty liver | 24 (33) | 2.06 (1.36, 3.14) | 1.96 (1.27, 3.01) | 11 (33) | 2.41 (1.29, 4.50) | 2.23 (1.17, 4.24) |
Values are presented as number (%) or median [interquartile range]. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index; RHF, renal hyperfiltration; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index. The Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test and the chi-square test were used for across-groups comparisons.
Values are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index. p<0.1, p<0.05, p<0.01.
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index score. Adjusted for age only. Adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking status, and hypertension.