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 Letter to the Editor: Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors - methodological issues in this cross-sectional study
Kamyar Mansori1,2orcid, Shiva Mansouri Hanis3orcid, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani4orcid
Epidemiol Health 2017;39:e2017019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017019
Published online: May 10, 2017

1Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

2Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3School of Public Health, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran

4Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence: Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani  Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran 1983963113, Iran  E-mail: khosravishadman@gmail.com

©2017, Korean Society of Epidemiology

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See the reply "Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors - methodological issue in this cross-sectional study" in Volume 39 on page e2017019r.
Dear Editor,
We read the paper entitled ‘Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors,’ written by Abraha et al. [1], which was published in Epidemiology and Health in March 2017. The aim of the study was to assess postpartum modern contraceptive use and associated factors among postpartum women in northern Ethiopia. A multivariable logistic regression model showed that the following independent variables were the most important determinants of postpartum modern conception use in the town of Aksum: maternal educational level (secondary and tertiary education level), family planning counseling during pregnancy and during prenatal and postnatal care, having postnatal care, resuming sexual activity, menses returning after birth, and experiencing problems with previous contraceptive use [1]. However, although this research was valuable and the results are interesting, some methodological issues should be considered relating to this cross-sectional study.
Regardless of the results obtained from the model, it should be explained that accurate predictors or determinants of a dependent variable cannot be reliably identified by a cross-sectional study because predictors must be identified based on cohort studies [2,3]. In other words, predictive or casual inferences cannot be made from cross-sectional studies because of the associations between variables measured at the same time point in such studies. Without the temporality assumption (the dependent variable must occur after the independent variable) there is no way of determining whether a factor is a risk factor, is predictive/causal, or is a consequence of the outcome [4]. Therefore, longitudinal studies are essential for developing assumptions to be used in clinical prediction models, whereas in this study [1], a cross-sectional study was used to identify the independent predictors of postpartum modern contraceptive use. Therefore, it is essential to interpret the results of this study in light of the above explanation.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

  • 1. Abraha TH, Teferra AS, Gelagay AA. Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors. Epidemiol Health 2017;39:e2017012.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 2. Steyerberg EW. Clinical prediction models: a practical approach to development, validation, and updating. Dordrecht: Springer; 2008. p 38.
  • 3. Ayubi E, Sani M. Carotid atherosclerosis is associated with left ventricular diastolic function: methodological issue. J Echocardiogr 2016;14:181.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 4. Kamper SJ, Hancock MJ, Maher CG. Optimal designs for prediction studies of whiplash. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011;36:S268-S274.ArticlePubMed

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    Letter to the Editor: Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors - methodological issues in this cross-sectional study
    Letter to the Editor: Postpartum modern contraceptive use in northern Ethiopia: prevalence and associated factors - methodological issues in this cross-sectional study
    Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
    © Korean Society of Epidemiology.
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