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During the last decades, the scholarly development and empirical findings of epidemiology have contributed immensely to the understanding of a range of diseases. It goes without saying that this growth has been driven by the development and utilization of highly advanced study design methods with diverse goals. However, most epidemiological findings and study designs are subject to different analyses and/or conclusions due to the size or diverse characteristics of the samples, as well as problems inherent to the accuracy and reliability of all study designs. Although some of these controversies involve subjective bias on the part of researchers, most of them reflect legitimate differences in academic viewpoints, and thus may be of particular interest and utility to scholars in the field of epidemiology. In this paper, the opposing views in some epidemiological controversies will be introduced and their progress will be reviewed, in order to provide better insights into epidemiology for those who wish to obtain a deeper understanding of this field.