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In reviewing the growth of knowledge concerning hypertension, especially essential hypertension, it is sobering and rather depressing to realize how little progress has been made in our understanding of its etiology. Despite spectacular advances in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms that control blood pressure levels and concomitant improvements in treatment as well as voluminous and enthusiastic reasearch, we are still powerless to prevent the rise in blood pressure that is so characteristic a feature of aging in our societies. Again, this is because we still know very little about the etiology of the hypertension. This paper reviews research articles particularly on the role of genetic and environmental factors in the genesis of essential hypertension, and discuss some controversial points the researchers allege in their respective researches.