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1Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Epidemiology, Center for Health Related Social and Behavioral Sciences Research, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
3Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
5Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
6Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
7Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
©2019, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: MD, MF. Data curation: HAG, SMK, MD. Formal analysis: HAG, RP. Funding acquisition: HAG. Methodology: RG, MD. Project administration: MD, HAG, RG. Visualization: MF, RG, MD. Writing - orginal draft: HAG, HM, SMK, RP. Writing - review & editing: MD, RG, MF.
Study | Province | Design | Age, Mean±SD |
Marital status, % |
Study sample size, n | No. of cases of depression, n | Depression prevalence, % |
95% CI |
Tools | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single | Married | Widowed | LL | UL | ||||||||
Shakeri et al., 2016 [30] | Kermanshah | Cross-sectional | 47.60±14.05 | - | - | - | 98 | 94 | 95.90 | 91.97 | 99.83 | BDI |
Mehrabani et al., 2016 [32] | Neyshabur | Cross-sectional | 55.91±14.55 | - | - | - | 260 | 133 | 51.28 | 45.12 | 57.28 | DASS-42 |
Heydarheydari et al., 2015 [23] | Kermanshah | Cross-sectional | 46.27±7.21 | 7.3 | 81.8 | 10.9 | 275 | 115 | 41.00 | 35.19 | 46.81 | BDI |
Tabrizi, 2015 [4] | Urmia | Cross-sectional | 47.90±11.40 | 9.0 | 91.0 | - | 262 | 146 | 55.90 | 49.89 | 61.91 | CES-D |
Saeedi-Saedi et al., 2015 [2] | Rasht | Cross-sectional | 50.10±10.96 | 4.9 | 85.4 | 9.7 | 82 | 36 | 43.90 | 33.16 | 54.64 | DT |
Nikbakhsh et al., 2014 [28] | Babol | Cross-sectional | 59.04±14.30 | 2.0 | 97.3 | 0.7 | 46 | 30 | 65.00 | 51.22 | 78.78 | HADS |
Musarezaie et al., 2014 [27] | Isfahan | Cross-sectional | 46.10±14.03 | 8.4 | 76.1 | 15.5 | 297 | 102 | 34.50 | 29.09 | 39.91 | DASS-42 |
Derakhshanfar et al., 2013 [25] | Hamedan | Cross-sectional | 47.05±11.68 | 5.4 | 84.7 | 9.9 | 111 | 68 | 61.30 | 52.24 | 70.36 | BDI |
Ardebil et al., 2011 [21] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 43.81±47.12 | - | - | - | 60 | 30 | 50.00 | 37.35 | 62.65 | BDI |
Mashhadi et al., 2013 [24] | Zahedan | Cross-sectional | 45.00±8.50 | - | - | - | 42 | 32 | 76.20 | 63.32 | 89.08 | BDI |
Taghavi et al., 2011 [31] | Isfahan | Cross-sectional | 46.43±ND | 9.2 | 72.5 | 18.3 | 240 | 156 | 65.00 | 58.97 | 71.03 | BDI |
Vahdaninia et al., 2010 [36] | Tehran | Prospective | 47.20±13.50 | 9.0 | 69.4 | 21.6 | 167 | 30 | 18.00 | 12.17 | 23.83 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2005 [26] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 48.20±14.90 | 11.3 | 78.5 | 10.1 | 177 | 52 | 29.37 | 22.66 | 36.08 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2004 [35] | Tehran | Prospective | 46.60±11.20 | 4.0 | 84.0 | 12.0 | 243 | 39 | 16.00 | 11.39 | 20.61 | DSM-IV |
Haghighat et al., 2003 [22] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 45.70±11.10 | 7.0 | 85.0 | 7.0 | 112 | 35 | 32.00 | 23.36 | 40.64 | HADS |
Ramezani, 2001 [29] | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 47.53±10.57 | 3.3 | 96.7 | - | 120 | 88 | 73.30 | 65.38 | 81.22 | CES-D |
Montazeri et al., 2001 [34] | Tehran | Prospective | 45.40±9.20 | 18.0 | 82.0 | - | 56 | 8 | 14.00 | 4.91 | 23.09 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2000 [33] | Tehran | Prospective | 47.20±13.50 | 9.0 | 70.0 | 21.0 | 151 | 34 | 22.00 | 15.39 | 28.61 | HADS |
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit; ND, no data; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DASS-42, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-42; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DT, Distress Thermometer; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th eds.
Study | Estimate |
95% CI |
|
---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | ||
Shakeri et al., 2016 [30] | 43.73 | 34.32 | 53.14 |
Mehrabani et al., 2016 [32] | 46.57 | 32.63 | 60.13 |
Heydarheydari et al., 2015 [23] | 47.18 | 33.22 | 61.13 |
Tabrizi, 2015 [4] | 46.29 | 32.38 | 60.20 |
Saeedi-Saedi et al., 2015 [2] | 47.00 | 33.40 | 60.59 |
Musarezaie et al., 2014 [27] | 47.56 | 33.65 | 61.48 |
Nikbakhsh et al., 2014 [28] | 45.80 | 32.31 | 59.28 |
Derakhshanfar et al., 2013 [25] | 45.98 | 32.37 | 59.59 |
Ardebil et al., 2011 [21] | 46.64 | 33.10 | 60.19 |
Mashhadi et al., 2013 [24] | 45.15 | 31.72 | 58.58 |
Taghavi et al., 2011 [31] | 45.75 | 31.99 | 59.50 |
Vahdaninia et al., 2010 [36] | 48.54 | 35.22 | 61.85 |
Montazeri et al., 2005 [26] | 47.86 | 34.19 | 61.53 |
Montazeri et al., 2004 [35] | 48.66 | 35.70 | 61.62 |
Haghighat et al., 2003 [22] | 47.70 | 34.09 | 61.30 |
Ramezani, 2001 [29] | 45.26 | 31.77 | 58.76 |
Montazeri et al., 2001 [34] | 48.74 | 35.41 | 62.08 |
Montazeri et al., 2000 [33] | 48.30 | 34.81 | 61.79 |
Combined | 46.82 | 33.77 | 62.08 |
Study | Province | Design | Age, Mean±SD | Marital status, % |
Study sample size, n | No. of cases of depression, n | Depression prevalence, % | 95% CI |
Tools | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Single | Married | Widowed | LL | UL | ||||||||
Shakeri et al., 2016 [30] | Kermanshah | Cross-sectional | 47.60±14.05 | - | - | - | 98 | 94 | 95.90 | 91.97 | 99.83 | BDI |
Mehrabani et al., 2016 [32] | Neyshabur | Cross-sectional | 55.91±14.55 | - | - | - | 260 | 133 | 51.28 | 45.12 | 57.28 | DASS-42 |
Heydarheydari et al., 2015 [23] | Kermanshah | Cross-sectional | 46.27±7.21 | 7.3 | 81.8 | 10.9 | 275 | 115 | 41.00 | 35.19 | 46.81 | BDI |
Tabrizi, 2015 [4] | Urmia | Cross-sectional | 47.90±11.40 | 9.0 | 91.0 | - | 262 | 146 | 55.90 | 49.89 | 61.91 | CES-D |
Saeedi-Saedi et al., 2015 [2] | Rasht | Cross-sectional | 50.10±10.96 | 4.9 | 85.4 | 9.7 | 82 | 36 | 43.90 | 33.16 | 54.64 | DT |
Nikbakhsh et al., 2014 [28] | Babol | Cross-sectional | 59.04±14.30 | 2.0 | 97.3 | 0.7 | 46 | 30 | 65.00 | 51.22 | 78.78 | HADS |
Musarezaie et al., 2014 [27] | Isfahan | Cross-sectional | 46.10±14.03 | 8.4 | 76.1 | 15.5 | 297 | 102 | 34.50 | 29.09 | 39.91 | DASS-42 |
Derakhshanfar et al., 2013 [25] | Hamedan | Cross-sectional | 47.05±11.68 | 5.4 | 84.7 | 9.9 | 111 | 68 | 61.30 | 52.24 | 70.36 | BDI |
Ardebil et al., 2011 [21] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 43.81±47.12 | - | - | - | 60 | 30 | 50.00 | 37.35 | 62.65 | BDI |
Mashhadi et al., 2013 [24] | Zahedan | Cross-sectional | 45.00±8.50 | - | - | - | 42 | 32 | 76.20 | 63.32 | 89.08 | BDI |
Taghavi et al., 2011 [31] | Isfahan | Cross-sectional | 46.43±ND | 9.2 | 72.5 | 18.3 | 240 | 156 | 65.00 | 58.97 | 71.03 | BDI |
Vahdaninia et al., 2010 [36] | Tehran | Prospective | 47.20±13.50 | 9.0 | 69.4 | 21.6 | 167 | 30 | 18.00 | 12.17 | 23.83 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2005 [26] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 48.20±14.90 | 11.3 | 78.5 | 10.1 | 177 | 52 | 29.37 | 22.66 | 36.08 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2004 [35] | Tehran | Prospective | 46.60±11.20 | 4.0 | 84.0 | 12.0 | 243 | 39 | 16.00 | 11.39 | 20.61 | DSM-IV |
Haghighat et al., 2003 [22] | Tehran | Cross-sectional | 45.70±11.10 | 7.0 | 85.0 | 7.0 | 112 | 35 | 32.00 | 23.36 | 40.64 | HADS |
Ramezani, 2001 [29] | Kerman | Cross-sectional | 47.53±10.57 | 3.3 | 96.7 | - | 120 | 88 | 73.30 | 65.38 | 81.22 | CES-D |
Montazeri et al., 2001 [34] | Tehran | Prospective | 45.40±9.20 | 18.0 | 82.0 | - | 56 | 8 | 14.00 | 4.91 | 23.09 | HADS |
Montazeri et al., 2000 [33] | Tehran | Prospective | 47.20±13.50 | 9.0 | 70.0 | 21.0 | 151 | 34 | 22.00 | 15.39 | 28.61 | HADS |
Variables | Beta | 95% CI |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | |||
Quality of study | 6.60 | -10.51 | 23.72 | 0.42 |
Design | -37.72 | -58.47 | -16.97 | 0.001 |
Age | 0.19 | -1.21 | 1.59 | 0.77 |
Year | 9.42 | 4.28 | 2.20 | 0.04 |
Sample size | -0.06 | -0.02 | 0.07 | 0.32 |
Tools | -14.25 | -27.02 | -1.47 | 0.03 |
Study | Estimate | 95% CI |
|
---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | ||
Shakeri et al., 2016 [30] | 43.73 | 34.32 | 53.14 |
Mehrabani et al., 2016 [32] | 46.57 | 32.63 | 60.13 |
Heydarheydari et al., 2015 [23] | 47.18 | 33.22 | 61.13 |
Tabrizi, 2015 [4] | 46.29 | 32.38 | 60.20 |
Saeedi-Saedi et al., 2015 [2] | 47.00 | 33.40 | 60.59 |
Musarezaie et al., 2014 [27] | 47.56 | 33.65 | 61.48 |
Nikbakhsh et al., 2014 [28] | 45.80 | 32.31 | 59.28 |
Derakhshanfar et al., 2013 [25] | 45.98 | 32.37 | 59.59 |
Ardebil et al., 2011 [21] | 46.64 | 33.10 | 60.19 |
Mashhadi et al., 2013 [24] | 45.15 | 31.72 | 58.58 |
Taghavi et al., 2011 [31] | 45.75 | 31.99 | 59.50 |
Vahdaninia et al., 2010 [36] | 48.54 | 35.22 | 61.85 |
Montazeri et al., 2005 [26] | 47.86 | 34.19 | 61.53 |
Montazeri et al., 2004 [35] | 48.66 | 35.70 | 61.62 |
Haghighat et al., 2003 [22] | 47.70 | 34.09 | 61.30 |
Ramezani, 2001 [29] | 45.26 | 31.77 | 58.76 |
Montazeri et al., 2001 [34] | 48.74 | 35.41 | 62.08 |
Montazeri et al., 2000 [33] | 48.30 | 34.81 | 61.79 |
Combined | 46.82 | 33.77 | 62.08 |
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit; ND, no data; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; DASS-42, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-42; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DT, Distress Thermometer; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th eds.
CI, confidence interval; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.
CI, confidence interval; LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.