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Graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil
©2021, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Experimental (n= 97): 1% H2O2 for gargling, and 0.5% H2O2 for a nasal wash, in which patients gargled with a solution composed of 1% H2O2 and mint essence for 30 seconds, 3 times a day, for a 7-day period. One dose of the nasal spray was applied to each nostril, twice a day, for a 7-day period. The nasal solution was composed of 0.5% H2O2 and mint essence.
Control (n= 96) (placebo): The control group gargled and applied the nasal spray in the same manner described for the experimental group. The placebo solution was composed of distilled water and mint essence.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
FUNDING
Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: PHC, MBDD. Data curation: KC. Formal analysis: KC. Funding acquisition: MBDD. Methodology: HC, THJP, RBS, UL, VPA, VWG. Project administration: PHC, MBDD, HC. Writing – original draft: MBDD, PHC, HC. Writing – review & editing: KC, RBS, UL, VPA, VWG, THJP
Variables | Total (n=86) | H2O2 (n=51) | Control (n=35) |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | 74 (86.0) | 45 (88.2) | 29 (82.9) |
IgG | 2 (2.3) | 2 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) |
IgM | 2 (2.3) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.9) |
IgG and IgM | 8 (9.3) | 3 (5.9) | 5 (14.3) |
Characteristics | Total | Experimental | Placebo | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 106 (100) | 63 (59.4) | 43 (40.6) | ||
Sex | 0.20 | ||||
Female | 64 (60.4) | 34 (54.7) | 29 (45.3) | ||
Male | 42 (39.6) | 38 (66.7) | 14 (33.3) | ||
Age (yr) | 0.40 | ||||
≤35 | 28 (26.4) | 17 (60.7) | 11(39.3) | ||
36-59 | 60 (56.6) | 33 (55.0) | 27 (45.0) | ||
≥60 | 18 (17.0) | 13 (72.2) | 5 (27.8) | ||
Skin color | 0.10 | ||||
White | 90 (84.9) | 56 (62.2) | 34 (37.8) | ||
Non-White | 16 (15.1) | 7 (43.7) | 9 (56.3) | ||
Education level | 0.70 | ||||
Completed high school | 76 (71.7) | 46 (60.5) | 30 (39.5) | ||
University education (complete/incomplete) | 30 (28.3) | 17 (56.7) | 13 (43.3) | ||
Family income (Brazilian real) | 0.20 | ||||
≤3,162.00 | 54 (50.9) | 29 (53.7) | 25 (46.3) | ||
>3,162.00 | 52 (49.1) | 34 (65.4) | 18 (34.6) | ||
No. of people in the same residence | 0.50 | ||||
None | 11 (10.4) | 6 (54.5) | 5 (45.5) | ||
1 | 33 (31.1) | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) | ||
2 | 29 (27.4) | 21 (74.4) | 8 (27.6) | ||
3 | 14 (13.2) | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | ||
≥4 | 19 (17.9) | 11 (57.9) | 8 (42.1) | ||
People who tested positive in the same residence | 0.01 | ||||
None | 60 (56.6) | 30 (50.0) | 30 (50.0) | ||
1 | 24 (22.6) | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | ||
≥2 | 17 (16.0) | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | ||
Comorbidities | |||||
Cardiac | 4 (3.8) | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0.50 | |
Respiratory | 6 (5.7) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 0.02 | |
Diabetes | 12 (11.3) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 0.40 | |
Hypertension | 24 (22.6) | 13 (54.2) | 11 (45.8) | 0.50 |
Symptom | Total with symptom on day 0 |
Total patients with relief of symptoms on days 0-2 |
Total patients with relief of symptoms on days 2-4 |
Total patients with relief of symptoms on days 4-6 |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O2 | Control | H2O2 | Control | p-value | H2O2 | Control | p-value | H2O2 | Control | p-value | |
Cough | 33 (52.4) | 27 (62.8) | 12/33 (36.4) | 12/27 (44.4) | 0.4 | 18/33 (54.5) | 11/27 (40.7) | 0.5 | 9/33 (27.3) | 6/27 (22.2) | 0.8 |
Loss of taste | 28 (44.4) | 21 (48.8) | 10/28 (35.7) | 6/21 (28.6) | 0.7 | 13/28 (46.4) | 13/21 (61.9) | 0.1 | 10/28 (35.7) | 3/21 (14.3) | 0.1 |
Hyposmia | 26 (41.3) | 20 (46.5) | 6/26 (23.1) | 7/20 (35.0) | 0.3 | 15/26 (57.7) | 9/20 (45.0) | 0.7 | 9/26 (34.6) | 4/20 (20.0) | 0.2 |
Dyspnea | 16 (25.4) | 16 (37.2) | 8/16 (50.0) | 4/16 (25.0) | 0.1 | 7/16 (43.7) | 12/16 (75.0) | <0.05 | 5/16 (31.3) | 2/16 (12.5) | 0.8 |
Sore throat | 13 (20.6) | 10 (23.3) | 10/13 (76.9) | 5/10 (50.0) | 0.2 | 4/13 (30.8) | 6/10 (60.0) | 0.4 | 2/13 (15.4) | 3/10 (30.0) | 0.8 |
Fever | 7 (11.1) | 4 (9.3) | 4/7 (57.1) | 3/4 (75.0) | 0.5 | 2/7 (28.6) | 1/4 (25.0) | 0.3 | 2/7 (28.6) | - | - |
Variables | Total (n=86) | H2O2 (n=51) | Control (n=35) |
---|---|---|---|
Negative | 74 (86.0) | 45 (88.2) | 29 (82.9) |
IgG | 2 (2.3) | 2 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) |
IgM | 2 (2.3) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.9) |
IgG and IgM | 8 (9.3) | 3 (5.9) | 5 (14.3) |
Adverse effects | Day 2 |
Day 4 |
Day 6 |
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2O2 | Control | p-value | H2O2 | Control | p-value | H2O2 | Control | p-value | |
Burning mouth | 5 (7.9) | - | 0.06 | 4 (6.6) | 1 (2.3) | 0.30 | 4 (6.7) | - | 0.08 |
Burning throat | 14 (22.2) | 2 (4.8) | 0.01 | 11 (18.0) | 2 (4.8) | 0.04 | 12 (20.0) | - | <0.05 |
Unpleasant taste of food after use | 3 (4.8) | 1 (2.3) | 0.50 | 4 (6.6) | 1 (2.3) | 0.30 | 3 (5.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.50 |
Feeling of thick tongue | - | - | 3 (4.9) | - | 0.10 | 1 (1.7) | - | 0.40 | |
Perceptible change in mucosa | - | - | - | - | - | - | |||
Burning nose | 20 (31.7) | 2 (4.8) | <0.01 | 21 (34.4) | 2 (4.8) | <0.01 | 20 (33.3) | 1 (2.3) | <0.01 |
Values are presented as number (%).
Values are presented as number (%). H2O2, hydrogen peroxide.
Values are presented as number (%). IgG, immunoglobulin G; IgM, immunoglobulin M.
Values are presented as number (%). H2O2, hydrogen peroxide.