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Original Articles
Increasing trends in mortality and costs of infectious diseases in Korea: trends in mortality and costs of infectious diseases
Dahye Baik, Byung-Woo Kim, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022010.   Published online January 3, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022010
  • 11,879 View
  • 513 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
In an era when the average life expectancy and overall mortality rate have improved, Korea remains at risk for infectious disease outbreaks that place substantial burdens on the healthcare system. This study investigated trends in mortality and the economic burden of infectious diseases.
METHODS
Healthcare data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (2009-2019) and the Korean Statistics Information Service (1997-2019) were used. We selected 10 infectious disease groups (intestinal infections, tuberculosis, vaccine- preventable diseases, sepsis, viral hepatitis, HIV-related diseases, central nervous system infections, rheumatic heart diseases, respiratory tract infections, and arthropod-borne viral diseases).
RESULTS
The age-standardized mortality rate for infectious diseases increased from 27.2 per 100,000 population in 1997 to 37.1 per 100,000 population in 2019 and has had an upward trend since 2004. During this same period, significant increases were seen in respiratory tract infections and among elderly persons, especially those aged ≥85 years. The costs for infectious diseases increased from 4.126 billion US dollar (USD) in 2009 to 6.612 billion USD in 2019, with respiratory tract infections accounting for 3.699 billion USD (69%). The annual cost per patient for visits for medical care due to infectious diseases increased from 131 USD in 2009 to 204 USD in 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
Mortality among elderly persons and those with respiratory tract infections increased during the study period. The economic burden of infectious diseases has consistently increased, especially for respiratory tract infections. It is therefore essential to establish effective management policies that considers specific infectious diseases and patient groups.
Summary
Korean summary
우리나라의 감염병으로 인한 사망률과 의료비용은 증가하고 있다. 특히 고령층에서의 높은 사망률과 과다한 의료비용 지출을 고려하면, 호흡기 감염 관리에 집중하는 것이 중요하며 각 감염병 그룹별로 효과적인 정책과 효율적인 관리가 필요하다. 본 연구는 COVID-19 발생 이전의 우리나라 감염병의 사망률과 발생, 의료비 부담의 장기적인 추세를 분석한 중요한 레퍼런스가 될 것이다.
Key Message
In Republic of Korea, the mortality trends (1997-2019) and costs (2009-2019) of infectious disease have increased and this study is particularly important reference for identifying the long-term trends including mortality, outbreak, financial burden of infectious disease in Korea before COVID-19 outbreak.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Validation of operational definitions of mortality in a nationwide hemodialysis population using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service databases of Korea
    Dong Hee Lee, Ye-Jee Kim, Hyangkyoung Kim, Hyung Seok Lee
    Kidney Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 43(2): 156.     CrossRef
  • Mortality Burden Due to Short-term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Korea
    Jongmin Oh, Youn-Hee Lim, Changwoo Han, Dong-Wook Lee, Jisun Myung, Yun-Chul Hong, Soontae Kim, Hyun-Joo Bae
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2024; 57(2): 185.     CrossRef
  • Glycaemic status, insulin resistance, and risk of infection-related mortality: a cohort study
    Hae Suk Cheong, Yoosoo Chang, Yejin Kim, Eun-Jeong Joo, Min-Jung Kwon, Sarah H Wild, Christopher D Byrne, Seungho Ryu
    European Journal of Endocrinology.2023; 188(2): 197.     CrossRef
  • Bacterial biofilm inhibitors: An overview
    Vipin Chandra Kalia, Sanjay K.S. Patel, Jung-Kul Lee
    Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2023; 264: 115389.     CrossRef
  • Determination of Volatile Compounds of Mentha piperita and Lavandula multifida and Investigation of Their Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Properties
    Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli, Eman R. ELsharkawy, Emad M. Abdallah, Munerah Hamed, Nasreddine El Omari, Shafi Mahmud, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Hanae Naceiri Mrabti, Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Fernanda Tonelli
    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
The anatomy of COVID-19 comorbidity networks among hospitalized Korean patients
Eun Kyong Shin, Hyo Young Choi, Neil Hayes
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021035.   Published online May 7, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021035
  • 11,059 View
  • 381 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to examine how comorbidities were associated with outcomes (illness severity or death) among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
METHODS
Data were provided by the National Medical Center of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. These data included the clinical and epidemiological information of all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who were discharged on or before April 30, 2020 in Korea. We conducted comorbidity network and multinomial logistic regression analyses to identify risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity and mortality. The outcome variable was the clinical severity score (CSS), categorized as mild (oxygen treatment not needed), severe (oxygen treatment needed), or death.
RESULTS
In total, 5,771 patients were included. In the fully adjusted model, chronic kidney disease (CKD) (odds ratio [OR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19 to 5.61) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.35 to 7.52) were significantly associated with disease severity. CKD (OR, 5.35; 95% CI, 2.00 to 14.31), heart failure (HF) (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 1.22 to 8.15), malignancy (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.59 to 7.17), dementia (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.45 to 4.72), and diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.46 to 3.49) were associated with an increased risk of death. Asthma and hypertension showed statistically insignificant associations with an increased risk of death.
CONCLUSIONS
Underlying diseases contribute differently to the severity of COVID-19. To efficiently allocate limited medical resources, underlying comorbidities should be closely monitored, particularly CKD, COPD, and HF.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 2019 년 코로나 바이러스 질환 (COVID-19)으로 입원 한 환자의 합병증이 결과 (질병 중증도 또는 사망)와 어떤 관련이 있는지를 동반 질환 네트워크 및 다항 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 통해 분석하였다. 기저 질환은 COVID-19의 중증도 및 사망에 차별적으로 영향을 미친다. 제한된 의료 자원을 효율적으로 활용하기 위해서 환자의 기저 동반 질환 중, 특히 만성 신장 질환 (CKD), 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환 (COPD), 심부전 (HF)을 더욱 면밀히 모니터링해야 한다.
Key Message
We examined how comorbidities were associated with outcomes (illness severity or death) among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), implementing comorbidity network and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Underlying diseases contribute differently to the severity of COVID-19. To efficiently allocate limited medical resources, underlying comorbidities should be closely monitored, particularly chronic kidney disease (CKD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart failure (HF).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 illness course and outcome in people with pre-existing neurodegenerative disorders: systematic review with frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses
    Muhannad Smadi, Melina Kaburis, Youval Schnapper, Gabriel Reina, Patricio Molero, Marc L. Molendijk
    The British Journal of Psychiatry.2023; 223(2): 348.     CrossRef
  • Asthma and COPD as co-morbidities in patients hospitalised with Covid-19 disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis
    James Patrick Finnerty, A. B. M. Arad Hussain, Aravind Ponnuswamy, Hafiz Gulzeb Kamil, Ammar Abdelaziz
    BMC Pulmonary Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Role of Diabetes and Hyperglycemia on COVID-19 Infection Course—A Narrative Review
    Evangelia Tzeravini, Eleftherios Stratigakos, Chris Siafarikas, Anastasios Tentolouris, Nikolaos Tentolouris
    Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
COVID-19: Perspective
Atypical modes of COVID-19 transmission: how likely are they?
Viroj Wiwanitkit
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020059.   Published online August 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020059
  • 32,357 View
  • 312 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new emerging pandemic, which has so far infected more than 20 million people throughout the world. Typically, this infection is transmitted from humans to humans via respiratory contact. However, the possibility that COVID-19 might be transmitted via atypical modes of transmission is an important public health consideration. In this short review article, the author summarizes and discusses the data on atypical modes of COVID-19 transmission. Based on the available data, it seems that there is still no evidence that COVID-19 can be transmitted via atypical modes of transmission.
Summary

Citations

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  • Exposure history and molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2: A reappraisal
    Beuy Joob, Viroj Wiwanitkit
    Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2023; 12(3): 598.     CrossRef
  • Zoonotic COVID-19: New emerging consideration in preventive medicine
    Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip, Viroj Wiwanitkit
    Journal of Medical Society.2023; 37(2): 99.     CrossRef
  • COVID-19 in transgender person: a note
    Rujittika Mungmunpuntipantip, Viroj Wiwanitkit
    MGM Journal of Medical Sciences.2023; 10(4): 804.     CrossRef
  • Adopting World Health Organization Multimodal Infection Prevention and Control Strategies to Respond to COVID-19, Kenya
    Daniel Kimani, Linus Ndegwa, Mercy Njeru, Eveline Wesangula, Frankline Mboya, Catherine Macharia, Julius Oliech, Herman Weyenga, George Owiso, Kamau Irungu, Ulzii-Orshikh Luvsansharav, Amy Herman-Roloff
    Emerging Infectious Diseases.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Food contamination, food safety and COVID-19 outbreak
    Saitin Sim, Viroj Wiwanitkit
    Journal of Health Research.2021; 35(5): 463.     CrossRef
  • Self-Perceived Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic by Dental Students in Bucharest
    Laura Iosif, Ana Maria Cristina Ţâncu, Andreea Cristiana Didilescu, Marina Imre, Bogdan Mihai Gălbinașu, Radu Ilinca
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(10): 5249.     CrossRef
  • Model-free volume and pressure cycled control of automatic bag valve mask ventilator
    Cong Toai Truong, Kim Hieu Huynh, Van Tu Duong, Huy Hung Nguyen, Le An Pham, Tan Tien Nguyen
    AIMS Bioengineering.2021; 8(3): 192.     CrossRef
  • SARS-CoV-2 variant: Its clinical importance and molecular epidemiology
    Viroj Wiwanitkit
    Journal of Medical Society.2020; 34(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • SARS-CoV-2 in Semen
    Viroj Wiwanitkit
    Urologia Internationalis.2020; 104(11-12): 1000.     CrossRef
Original Article
Experience of 16 years and its associated challenges in the Field Epidemiology Training Program in Korea
Moo-Sik Lee, Eun-Young Kim, Sang-Won Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017058.   Published online December 25, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017058
  • 13,290 View
  • 262 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The field epidemiologist system of South Korea, which employs public health doctors who are relatively more readily available, was created in 1999 to ensure a ready supply of experts for epidemiological investigations and enable an effective response for new and reemerging infectious diseases. However, the 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome revealed limitations in the existing systems of management of field epidemiologists and communicable diseases.
METHODS
The present study aims to evaluate data on current states, administrative reports, and other literature on the field epidemiologist system that has been in place in South Korea for 16 years since 1999 and to suggest appropriate future improvements in this system.
RESULTS
By suggesting methods to evaluate the field epidemiologist system and training programs and by suggesting ways for the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct evaluations on its own, the present study provides supporting evidence for improvement of systems for training of experts in epidemiological investigations. Moreover, based on the findings, this study also suggests methods to systematically train experts in communicable diseases management and a sustainable system to establish the basis of and develop strategies for a systematic and phased management of field epidemiologist training programs.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests the possibility of establishing dedicated training facilities, revising the guidelines on training and improvement of the competency of public health experts, while not limiting the scope of application to communicable diseases.
Summary
Korean summary
목적 : 이 연구는 한국의 역학조사관제도의 바람직한 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1999년 이후 16년간 한국에서 진행되어왔던 역학조사관 제도의 운영 현황자료, 각종 문헌, 행정보고서 등을 리뷰하고, 분석 및 평가하였다. 결과 : 연구 분석결과를 활용하여 보다 체계적인 감염병 관리 전문가 양성을 위한 방안과 역학조사관 교육 프로그램의 체계적인, 단계적인 운영 기반을 구축하고 전략 개발을 위한 지속가능한 수행체계를 제안하였으며, 역학조사관 제도 및 교육프로그램의 평가 방법을 제시하고, 향후 질병관리본부에서 자체적인 평가방향을 제안하였다. 또한 감염병에만 국한되지 않는 공중보건 전문인력 양성 및 역량 강화의 가이드라인 개정 및 전문 교육기관 설립에 대한 가능성을 제안함으로써 한국의 역학조사 전문인력 양성을 위한 제도개선을 위한 근거 자료를 마련하였다. 결론 : 이 연구에서 제안된 안을 바탕으로 향후 한국의 역학조사관제도의 적극적인 개선이 요구된다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Core competencies in applied infectious disease epidemiology: a framework for countries in Europe
    Amelie Plymoth, Mary B Codd, Julia Barry, Adrian Boncan, Arnold Bosman, Karl F Conyard, Katarzyna Czabanowska, Nadav Davidovitch, Rodrigo Filipe, Lorena Gonzalez, Lore Leighton, John Middleton, Michael Ndirangu, Robert Otok, John Reid, Ralf Reintjes, Darr
    Eurosurveillance.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    BMC Health Services Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Maeen Abduljalil, Abdulhakeem Al Kohlani, Aisha Jumaan, Abdulwahed Al Serouri
    Epidemiologia.2023; 4(3): 235.     CrossRef
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    Jiyun Park, Gye Jeong Yeom
    Research in Community and Public Health Nursing.2023; 34: 267.     CrossRef
  • 감염병 위기상황 대비 방역인력 양성 방향
    무식 이
    Public Health Weekly Report.2022; 15(46): 2811.     CrossRef
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    The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education.2022; 28(4): 433.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of a New Field Epidemiology Training Program Intermediate Course to Strengthen Public Health Workforce Capacity in Tanzania
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    Sukhyun Ryu
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(3): 949.     CrossRef
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Epidemiologic Investigation
Healthcare worker infected with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in Korea, 2015
Hae-Sung Nam, Mi-Yeon Yeon, Jung Wan Park, Jee-Young Hong, Ji Woong Son
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017052.   Published online November 12, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017052
  • 17,436 View
  • 282 Download
  • 26 Web of Science
  • 39 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
During the outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea in 2015, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) confirmed a case of MERS in a healthcare worker in Daejeon, South Korea. To verify the precise route of infection for the case, we conducted an in-depth epidemiological investigation in cooperation with the KCDC.
METHODS
We reviewed the MERS outbreak investigation report of the KCDC, and interviewed the healthcare worker who had recovered from MERS. Using the media interview data, we reaffirmed and supplemented the nature of the exposure.
RESULTS
The healthcare worker, a nurse, was infected while performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for a MERS patient in an isolation room. During the CPR which lasted for an hour, a large amount of body fluid was splashed. The nurse was presumed to have touched the mask to adjust its position during the CPR. She suggested that she was contaminated with the MERS patient’s body fluids by wiping away the sweat from her face during the CPR.
CONCLUSIONS
The possible routes of infection may include the following: respiratory invasion of aerosols contaminated with MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) through a gap between the face and mask; mucosal exposure to sweat contaminated with MERS-CoV; and contamination during doffing of personal protective equipment. The MERS guidelines should reflect this case to decrease the risk of infection during CPR.
Summary
Korean summary
2015년 한국의 Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) 유행 기간 중 질병관리본부는 MERS 환자 심폐소생술(cardio–pulmonary resuscitation, CPR)에 참여한 간호사에서 MERS를 확진하였다. 이 사례에 대해 대전광역시 메르스 대응 민간역학조사지원단에서 심층역학조사를 실시한 결과 (1) CPR 수행 중 MERS-CoV에 오염된 에어로졸의 호흡기 침투, (2) MERS-CoV에 오염된 땀의 점막 침투, (3) 보호구 탈의 과정에서 MERS-Cov에 오염 등이 가능한 감염 경로로 파악되었다. 본 사례는 MERS 환자에 대한 CPR 수행 및 수행자의 보호구 착용과 관련하여 MERS 관리 지침의 개정이 필요함을 시사한다.

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Original Articles
Infectious disease-related laws: prevention and control measures
Mijeong Park
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017033.   Published online July 25, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017033
  • 19,149 View
  • 282 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study examines recently revised Korean government legislation addressing global infectious disease control for public health emergency situations, with the aim of proposing more rational, effective and realistic interpretations and applications for improvement of law.
METHODS
The Korea reported its first laboratory-confirmed case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus on May 20, 2015. Since the first indexed case, Korean public health authorities enforced many public health measures that were not authorized in the law; the scope of the current law was too limited to cover MERS. Korea has three levels of government: the central government, special self-governing provinces, and si/gun/gu. Unfortunately, the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act does not designate the specific roles of each level of government, and does not state how these governmental branches should be vertically integrated in a state of emergency.
RESULTS
When thinking about these policy questions, we should be especially concerned about introducing a new act that deals with all matters relevant to emerging infectious diseases. The aim would be to develop a structure that specifies the roles of each level of government, and facilitates the close collaboration among them, then enacting this in law for the prevention and response of infectious disease.
CONCLUSIONS
To address this problem, after analyzing the national healthcare infrastructure along with the characteristics of emerging infectious diseases, we propose the revision of the relevant law(s) in terms of governance aspects, emergency medical countermeasure aspects, and the human rights aspect.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구의 목적은 2015년 메르스 발생 후, 감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률의 입법경과를 검토하여 감염병으로 인한 공중보건위기 대응과 관련된 법률의 보다 구체적인 개선방안을 제시하는 것이다. 중앙정부와 지자체의 협력을 위한 거버넌스, 응급상황에서의 긴급의약품 제공을 위한 절차, 격리 대상자의 인권보장과 관련된 부분의 충분한 법적 상당성을 갖추기 위해 국가 보건의료체계 하부구조 측면에서 문제점을 분석한 후 법률 개정방안을 제언하였다.

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The burden of infectious and cardiovascular diseases in India from 2004 to 2014
Kajori Banerjee, Laxmi Kant Dwivedi
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016057.   Published online December 14, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016057
  • 15,222 View
  • 259 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
In India, both communicable and non-communicable diseases have been argued to disproportionately affect certain socioeconomic strata of the population. Using the 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds of the National Sample Survey, this study assessed the balance between infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from 2004 to 2014, as well as changes in the disease burden in various socioeconomic and demographic subpopulations.
METHODS
Prevalence rates, hospitalization rates, case fatality rates, and share of in-patients deaths were estimated to compare the disease burdens at these time points. Logistic regression and multivariate decomposition were used to evaluate changes in disease burden across various socio-demographic and socioeconomic groups.
RESULTS
Evidence of stagnation in the infectious disease burden and rapid increase in the CVD burden was observed. Along with the drastic increase in case fatality rate, share of in-patients deaths became more skewed towards CVD from 2004 to 2014. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant shift of the chance of succumbing to CVD from the privileged class, comprising non-Scheduled Castes and Tribes, more highly educated individuals, and households with higher monthly expenditures, towards the underprivileged population. Decomposition indicated that a change in the probability of suffering from CVD among the subcategories of age, social groups, educational status, and monthly household expenditures contributed to the increase in CVD prevalence more than compositional changes of the population from 2004 to 2014.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence of the ongoing tendency of CVD to occur in older population segments, and also confirms the theory of diffusion, according to which an increased probability of suffering from CVD has trickled down the socioeconomic gradient.
Summary

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MERS-Epidemiologic Investigation
The first case of the 2015 Korean Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak
Yong-Shik Park, Changhwan Lee, Kyung Min Kim, Seung Woo Kim, Keon-Joo Lee, Jungmo Ahn, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015049.   Published online November 14, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015049
  • 17,645 View
  • 186 Download
  • 22 Web of Science
  • 28 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
This study reviewed problems in the prevention of outbreak and spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and aimed to provide assistance in establishing policies to prevent and manage future outbreaks of novel infectious diseases of foreign origin via in-depth epidemiological investigation of the patient who initiated the MERS outbreak in Korea, 2015. Personal and phone interviews were conducted with the patient and his guardians, and his activities in Saudi Arabia were investigated with the help of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health. Clinical courses and test results were confirmed from the medical records. The patient visited 4 medical facilities and contacted 742 people between May 11, 2015, at symptom onset, and May 20, at admission to the National Medical Center; 28 people were infected and diagnosed with MERS thereafter. Valuable lessons learned included: (1) epidemiological knowledge on the MERS transmission pattern and medical knowledge on its clinical course; (2) improvement of epidemiological investigative methods via closed-circuit television, global positioning system tracking, and review of Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service records; (3) problems revealed in the existing preventive techniques, including early determination of the various people contacted; (4) experiences with preventive methods used for the first time in Korea, including cohort quarantine; (5) reconsideration of the management systems for infectious disease outbreaks across the country, such as this case, at the levels of central government, local government, and the public; (6) reconsideration of hospital infectious disease management systems, culture involving patient visitation, and emergency room environments.
Summary
Korean summary
2015년 한국 메르스 유행의 발단이 된 첫 번째 환자의 역학조사를 통해 신종감염병의 국내 유입 경위 및 유행확산을 막기 위한 대응 과정의 문제점을 되짚어 보았다. 이를 통해 향후 신종감염병의 국내유입을 막기 위한 대비, 대응 정책 수립에 도움이 되길 바라며 이번 메르스 유행이 한국의 병원감염 관리 수준이 향상되는 계기가 되어야 할 것이다.

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    Ji Yeon Lee, You-Jin Kim, Eun Hee Chung, Dae-Won Kim, Ina Jeong, Yeonjae Kim, Mi-ran Yun, Sung Soon Kim, Gayeon Kim, Joon-Sung Joh
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    Anurodh Shankar Agrawal, Tianlei Ying, Xinrong Tao, Tania Garron, Abdullah Algaissi, Yanping Wang, Lili Wang, Bi-Hung Peng, Shibo Jiang, Dimiter S. Dimitrov, Chien-Te K. Tseng
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MERS-Perspective
Strengthening epidemiologic investigation of infectious diseases in Korea: lessons from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak
Changhwan Lee, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015040.   Published online September 16, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015040
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
The recent outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus infection in Korea resulted in large socioeconomic losses. This provoked the Korean government and the general public to recognize the importance of having a well-established system against infectious diseases. Although epidemiologic investigation is one of the most important aspects of prevention, it has been pointed out that much needs to be improved in Korea. We review here the current status of the Korean epidemiologic service and suggest possible supplementation measures. We examine the current national preventive infrastructure, including human resources such as Epidemic Intelligence Service officers, its governmental management, and related policies. In addition, we describe the practical application of these resources to the recent MERS outbreak and the progress in preventive measures. The spread of MERS demonstrated that the general readiness for emerging infectious diseases in Korea is considerably low. We believe that it is essential to increase society’s investment in disease prevention. Fostering public health personnel, legislating management policies, and establishing research centers for emerging infectious diseases are potential solutions. Evaluating international preventive systems, developing cooperative measures, and initiating improvements are necessary. We evaluated the Korean epidemiologic investigation system and the public preventive measures against infectious diseases in light of the recent MERS outbreak. We suggest that governmental authorities in Korea enforce preventive policies, foster the development of highly qualified personnel, and increase investment in the public health domain of infectious disease prevention.
Summary
Korean summary
2015년 한국의 메르스 유행시 실제 시행되었던 역학조사 내용을 기술하고, 단계별로 문제점을 검토하였다. 또한 향후 역학조사 강화방안으로 1)관련 법령 수정, 2)역학조사 전문인력 강화, 3) 신종 감염병 연구센터 필요성 등을 제시하였다. 이번 메르스 위기를 기회로 삼아 한국 감염병 대비대응체계를 굳건히 하여야 할 것이다.

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MERS-Letter to the Editor
A lesson learned from the MERS epidemic in Korea: an essay on MERS
Kwang-Ho Meng
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015034.   Published online July 30, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015034
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
이번 메르스 사태에서 보듯이 감염병의 유행방지는 무엇보다 환자로 확진 받았거나 의심되는 사람들 스스로 다른 사람에게 병을 옮기지 않도록 하는 것이 중요하다. 자신은 다소 불편하더라도 남을 ‘배려하는’ 성숙된 시민의식이 중요하다는 말이다. 남을 배려하는 이런 인문학적 성찰이야말로 메르스와 같은 감염병 예방을 위한 ‘가장 효과적인 백신’이라 할 수 있다.
Summary
Korean summary
이번 메르스 사태에서 보듯이 감염병의 유행방지는 무엇보다 환자로 확진 받았거나 의심되는 사람들 스스로 다른 사람에게 병을 옮기지 않도록 하는 것이 중요하다. 자신은 다소 불편하더라도 남을 ‘배려하는’ 성숙된 시민의식이 중요하다는 말이다. 남을 배려하는 이런 인문학적 성찰이야말로 메르스와 같은 감염병 예방을 위한 ‘가장 효과적인 백신’이라 할 수 있다.

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Data Profile
National Infectious Diseases Surveillance data of South Korea
Sunhee Park, Eunhee Cho
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014030.   Published online November 11, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014030
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) operate infectious disease surveillance systems to monitor national disease incidence. Since 1954, Korea has collected data on various infectious diseases in accordance with the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act. All physicians (including those working in Oriental medicine) who diagnose a patient with an infectious disease or conduct a postmortem examination of an infectious disease case are obliged to report the disease to the system. These reported data are incorporated into the database of the National Infectious Disease Surveillance System, which has been providing web-based real-time surveillance data on infectious diseases since 2001. In addition, the KCDC analyzes reported data and publishes the Infectious Disease Surveillance Yearbook annually.
Summary
Korean summary
감염병웹통계(http://is.cdc.go.kr)에서는 전수감시 대상 54종 감염병에 대한지역별, 성별, 연령별, 감염지역별, 기간별, 전년대비 주간 발생현황 등 실시간 기간 검색이 가능하며, 검색된 통계를 표 또는 다양한 그래프로 볼 수 있으며, 또한 이러한 자료들은 엑셀로 다운로드하여 사용이 가능하다. 표본감시 대상 24종 감염병의 통계도 제공되고 있다.

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Brief Communication
A community-level Communicable Disease Surveillance System in a Metropolitan city.
Sun Seog Kweon, Hyung Cheol Park, Hyun Nam, Jin Su Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):294-300.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.294
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The surveillance of infectious diseases, which is crucial in public health, may also suffer from poor community support. In South Korea, the government operates several national surveillance system for the National notifiable infectious diseases(NNID). Some programs work satisfactorily but other programs may not be fully accepted at the community level which result in low participation and delayed report.
METHODS
May 2003, to improve the blind side of the National Surveillance System, a district health agency initiated a community based surveillance system for infectious diseases called as Communicable Disease Information Sharing System (CDISS) to complement the national program. As the name suggests, it underscores the mutual benefit of surveillance for public and private health sectors through partnership. With collaboration of participating private clinics and hospitals around the district, the health agency collects data and provides the health practitioners more up-to-dated information on the trend of infectious diseases than National level information. Total population of study area, Dong-gu which locate in the center of Gwangju-metropolitan city, is about 120,000 in 2005. Reporting facilities consist of 6 daycare clinics, 3 hospitals, and 1 university hospital, 2 local public health organizations.
RESULTS
CDISS was introduced in May 2003, and full system has been successfully operated since March 2004 with 10 participating facilities. Each reporting facility regularly sends the weekly reporting form, filled with the number of patients in last week, to Dong-gu District Health Center in every Wednesday. All data were organized in tables and graphs by weekly summarizing the reporting data and interpreted information. Feedback is done to reporting facilities until Friday through faxes, email, website (http://kjdisweb.richis.org) ?at least a week earlier than National Surveillance System.If reported data exceeded epidemic alert level, the community warnings are issued through mass-media and other means of public communication.During the period of CDISS operation, some epidemic events and sporadic outbreak occurred in Dong-gu were detected well-earlier than the notification at national level, such as chickenpox, viral enteritis, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis(EKC).
CONCLUSIONS
The program has been functioning successfully with active community participation and revealed to be economic and effective way of disease surveillance in the community. Several episodes of disease epidemic were reported by the program well before the recognition of the epidemic at the national level. We suggest that the community surveillance program may well complement national surveillance system.
Summary
Review
Overview of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Korea.
Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):147-155.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.147
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
The term and concept of emerging infectious diseases (EID) has been burgeoned out in the early 1990s and EID were expected as the most important public health problems of all of countries and global community as a whole. EID have been confirmed as the most important health and security problems when the global community has been experienced a lot of outbreaks of EID including avian influenza in Hong Kong (1997), Nipah encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore (1999), and anthrax bioterrorism in U.S.A. (2001), and SARS outbreaks in global community (2003). Pandemic influenza could be a big disaster in global community in the near future in the situation of the occurrence of H5N1 avian influenza and it's human cases in southeastern Asian countries. This paper described the EIDs in terms of two epidemiologic transition theories, and described the important EID in global community since 1970s and reviewed the remarkable emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Korea since 1990. Seven factors contributing to EID and the convergence model for EID were introduced. In conclusion, the preparedness and response plan of public health authority the role of epidemiologist was suggested. Especially the cooperative activities between epidemiologists and other field or sector's professionals were emphasized to find out the etiology or risk factors of EID and preparedness and response plan.
Summary

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  • Infectious disease-related laws: prevention and control measures
    Mijeong Park
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Original Articles
Reporting of National Notifiable Infectious Diseases (NNIDs) and Related Characteristics.
Ye soon Kim, Kee ho Park, Hyo soon Yoo, Jun wook Kwon, Euichul Shin
Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(2):200-210.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
communicable diseases. The purposes of the study is to estimate reporting proportion of National Notifiable Infectious Diseases(NNIDs) and investigate characteristics related to reporting using KAP(knowledge, attitude, practice) model.
METHOD
We surveyed randomly selected 2,185 physicians (speciality: internal medicine, family medicine, pediatrics, dermatology, general physicians) of their knowledge, attitude, and practice of NNIDs reporting through self-administered mail questionnaires. Of them, 231 physicians responded (response proportion: 10.6%).
RESULT
The reporting proportion was estimated to 27.0%. Recognition level (knowledge) of NNIDs was relatively high with proportion of 69.4%, and attitude (public health importance) of reporting was 65.8%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that knowledge, attitude significantly affected physicians' reporting in a positive direction (O.R. 6.2, 6.2 respectively). Whereas, senior age group, specialty (family medicine, pediatrics, dermatology) showed significantly lower reporting. General (tertiary care) hospital level of care showed significantly higher reporting practice (alpha=0.05).
CONCLUSION
The NNIDs reporting proportion, 27.0% is similar with those studied recently. Continuous efforts to increase the performance level of communicable diseases surveillance system. Of those, restructuring surveillance systems considering characteristics of notifiable diseases classes must be stressed. Educational approach of physicians needs to be tailored specially to newly-designated diseases such as Group II, Designated Group NNIDs.
Summary
International Cooperation in the Control and Prevention of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases.
Hae Kwan Cheong
Korean J Epidemiol. 2006;28(1):85-91.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
This paper discusses the recent increase in the incidence of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases and the role of international cooperation in coping with such public health threats. The historical background and its evolution are reviewed and the need, advantages, and possible areas of international cooperation are presented. A current example and model of international cooperation at various levels is described. Finally, two of the main issues in the process of international cooperation are discussed: the ethical aspect of scientific communication and national interest, and intellectual property issues.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.