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COVID-19: Perspective
- COVID-19 outbreak, herd immunity formation, and future public health strategies
- Youngtaek Kim, Yoon Hyung Park
- Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021071. Published online September 16, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021071
- 8,149 View
- 205 Download
- 1 Web of Science
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Abstract
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AbstractIn Korea, where the successful control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic have been implemented by the follow-up survey management (containment) of COVID-19-infected persons, the number of infected persons has increased rapidly, and a re-epidemic trend is emerging. The Korean government is strengthening epidemic prevention activities, such as increasing the social distance in the metropolitan area to four levels and increasing the vaccination rate. The public has been complaining of dissatisfaction with the atrophy of socioeconomic activities and of distrust of epidemic prevention policies. Australia started with an incidence similar to that of Korea, but its social activities are more flexible than those of Korea, where the incidence is maintained at approximately 0.1 per 100,000 people. In comparing the differences between both countries in terms of the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker Stringency Index, it was found that Australia effectively regulates the number of infected cases by high-intensity intermittent mitigation and the subsequent allowance of social activities. Korea has also recommended a high-intensity intermittent mitigation policy as in Australia until community herd immunity via vaccination is formed.
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SummaryKorean summary
COVID-19 효과적으로 관리하는 방안으로 4-7일 정도의 강력한 통제(mitigation, Lock down)를 하여 감염량을 대폭 감소 시킨 후 2-3개월간 대폭 완화된 사회적 거리 두기를 시행하는 방안을 제안한다 완화된 사회적 거리 두기에는 마스크만 착용하고, 학생들의 등교, 음식점 등 모임, 예식 모임 등에 제한을 두지 않는 방안이다. 호주의 사례를 밴치마킹한 모형이다. 이와 함께 단기간에 많은 사람을 예방 접종하여 지역사회 면역력을 올려야 한다. 이를 위해 접종 시기를 늦추더라도 백신을 충분히 확보한 후 접종일 시작할 것을 권고한다.Key Message
The public has been complaining of dissatisfaction with the atrophy of socio-economic activities and of distrust of epidemic prevention policies. South Korea would change the COVID-19 prevention and control policies from November, 2021. Authors recommended a high-intensity intermittent mitigation and the subsequent allowance of social activities policy as in Australia until community herd immunity via vaccination is formed.
COVID-19: Perspective
- Herd immunity: challenges and the way forward in Korea
- Jiyoung Oh, Sohyun Kim, Boyeong Ryu, Minjoung Shin, Bryan Inho Kim
- Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021054. Published online August 18, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021054
- 10,528 View
- 248 Download
- 3 Web of Science
- 3 Crossref
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Abstract
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AbstractVaccination is considered to be the most effective measure for preventing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Many countries, including of Korea, are focusing on achieving herd immunity with the goal of reaching a vaccination rate of 70-80%. However, achieving herd immunity does not mean eradicating COVID-19, and the following challenges can occur in the process of achieving herd immunity. First, as the vaccination rate is likely to slow down over time, it is necessary to promote the benefits of vaccination through risk communication strategies and provide incentives for those who have been vaccinated. Second, a booster dose may be required depending on future studies on vaccine-induced immunity. Third, since variants capable of evading immunity and with higher transmissibility can emerge, rapid contract tracing and regular community genomic surveillance could help mitigate the impact of new variants. When the impact of COVID-19 is controlled to the level of seasonal influenza, the current public health measures that have been strictly imposed on society since the beginning of the pandemic will no longer be needed. The overall response strategy to COVID-19 will need to change accordingly, based on evaluations of the level of population immunity. These changes will include more efficient and targeted contact tracing and eased quarantine measures for vaccinated close contacts and travelers. Mask wearing and a minimum of social distancing will still be required in the journey towards the end of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic will end, but the virus will not disappear.
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SummaryKorean summary
한국을 포함한 많은 국가에서 예방접종률 70~80% 달성을 목표로 집단면역을 달성하는데 집중하고 있으나, 집단면역 달성은 코로나19 퇴치를 의미하지 않으며, 집단면역을 달성해 나가는 과정에서 여러 어려움이 발생할 수 있다. 코로나19의 전반적인 영향력이 계절성 인플루엔자와 같은 관리가능한 수준으로 낮아진다면 현재의 코로나19 대응조치들은 인구집단의 면역 수준을 고려하여 점차 완화될 것이지만 마스크 착용과 최소한의 사회적 거리두기는 당분간 지속될 것이며, 코로나19 대유행이 끝나더라도 바이러스는 사라지지 않을 것이다.Key Message
Achieving herd immunity does not mean eradicating COVID-19, and some challenges can occur in the process of achieving herd immunity. When the impact of COVID-19 is controlled to the level of seasonal influenza, the current public health measures that have been strictly imposed on society since the beginning of the pandemic will no longer be needed. The overall response strategy to COVID-19 will need to change accordingly, based on evaluations of the level of population immunity. However, mask wearing and a minimum of social distancing will still be required in the journey towards the end of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic will end, but the virus will not disappear. -
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Towards a sustainable integrated management approach to uncertainty surrounding COVID‐19
Tiep Nguyen, Leonie Hallo, Nicholas Chileshe, Nghia Hoai Nguyen
Systems Research and Behavioral Science.2023; 40(6): 819. CrossRef - Evolution of Tourism Risk Communication: A Bibliometric Analysis and Meta-Analysis of the Antecedents of Communicating Risk to Tourists
Weina Liu, Chaonan Xu, Yajie Peng, Xinlong Xu
Sustainability.2023; 15(12): 9693. CrossRef - What Happens to the Immune System after Vaccination or Recovery from COVID-19?
Bruna T. Tiyo, Gabriela J. H. Schmitz, Marina M. Ortega, Laís T. da Silva, Alexandre de Almeida, Telma M. Oshiro, Alberto J. da S. Duarte
Life.2021; 11(11): 1152. CrossRef
- Towards a sustainable integrated management approach to uncertainty surrounding COVID‐19
COVID-19: Perspective
- COVID-19 herd immunity in the absence of a vaccine: an irresponsible approach
- Jade Khalife, Derrick VanGennep
- Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021012. Published online February 3, 2021
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021012
- 12,800 View
- 375 Download
- 10 Web of Science
- 10 Crossref
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Abstract
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AbstractAs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread rapidly throughout the human population, the concept of “herd immunity” has attracted the attention of both decision-makers and the general public. In the absence of a vaccine, this entails that a large proportion of the population will be infected to develop immunity that would limit the severity and/or extent of subsequent outbreaks. We argue that adopting such an approach should be avoided for several reasons. There are significant uncertainties about whether achieving herd immunity is possible. If possible, achieving herd immunity would impose a large burden on society. There are gaps in protection, making it difficult to shield the vulnerable. It would defeat the purpose of avoiding harm caused by the virus. Lastly, dozens of countries are showing that containment is possible.
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SummaryKey Message
Pursuing herd immunity without a vaccine involves numerous uncertainties, is costly in terms of lives and disease, is ineffective, and - being unethical and uncompassionate - is not compatible with human dignity and development.Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Mathematical assessment of the roles of age heterogeneity and vaccination on the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2
Binod Pant, Abba B. Gumel
Infectious Disease Modelling.2024; 9(3): 828. CrossRef - Assessing the Impact of Risk Factors on Vaccination Uptake Policy Decisions Using a Bayesian Network (BN) Approach
Hafiz Waqar Abbas, Zaman Sajid, Uyen Dao
Systems.2024; 12(5): 167. CrossRef - Analyzing natural herd immunity media discourse in the United Kingdom and the United States
Marco Zenone, Jeremy Snyder, Alessandro Marcon, Timothy Caulfield, Veena Sriram
PLOS Global Public Health.2022; 2(1): e0000078. CrossRef - Evaluation of science advice during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden
Nele Brusselaers, David Steadson, Kelly Bjorklund, Sofia Breland, Jens Stilhoff Sörensen, Andrew Ewing, Sigurd Bergmann, Gunnar Steineck
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Is COVID-19 Herd Immunity Influenced by Population Densities of Cities?
Yuval Arbel, Yifat Arbel, Amichai Kerner, Miryam Kerner
Sustainability.2022; 14(16): 10286. CrossRef - Effective strategies against COVID-19 and the importance of infection sequelae
Jade Khalife
Global Health Research and Policy.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Psychological aspects of COVID-19 vaccine in Indian population. Are we still hesitant?
Raza Shaheed, Sourya Acharya, Samarth Shukla, Monika Kesarwani, Neema Acharya
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care.2022; 11(8): 4280. CrossRef - Herd immunity: challenges and the way forward in Korea
Jiyoung Oh, Sohyun Kim, Boyeong Ryu, Minjoung Shin, Bryan Inho Kim
Epidemiology and Health.2021; 43: e2021054. CrossRef - COVID-19 vaccine uptake and vaccine hesitancy in Indian patients with cancer
Vanita Noronha, George Abraham, Suresh Kumar Bondili, Annu Rajpurohit, Rakesh P. Menon, Shreya Gattani, Mehak Trikha, Rajanigandha Tudu, Kishore Kumar Kota, Ajay Kumar Singh, Prahalad Elamarthi, Goutam Santosh Panda, Rahul Kumar Rai, Madala Ravi Krishna,
Cancer Research, Statistics, and Treatment.2021; 4(2): 211. CrossRef - COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India
Mihir Tusharbhai Dani, Arjun Gurmeet Singh, Pankaj Chaturvedi
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Original Article- Seroprevalence of measles and mumps antibody among preschool children in Korea, according to their vaccination history.
- Jung Hwa Lee, Geun Ryang Bae, Chang Sik Park, Yoon Seok Chung, Young A Kang, Hyun Woo Han, Chun Kang
- Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(1):34-40. Published online June 30, 2008
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.1.34
- 65,535 View
- 45 Download
- 2 Crossref
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Abstract
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AbstractPURPOSE
To maintain measles elimination status, we evaluated the seropositivity of measles and mumps according to time interval since the first or second dose of MMR in children aged 4 to 6 years, who are starting communal life. MATERIALS AND METHOD: 2,447 children aged 4 to 6 years were enrolled at 251 public health centers over the period of March to May 2007. Subjects were verified their date of MMR vaccination and then their blood was sampled for serologic test. Measles and mumps IgG antibody was tested by ELISA at Korea CDC.RESULTSVaccination coverage was 99.9% in the first dose, 64.9% in the second dose regardless of gender. Seropositivity of measles and mumps was 95.7%, 85.5% in the first dose and 98.7%, 98.1% in the second dose, respectively. The seropositivity of measles was 88.1% in 6-year-olds who did not receive the second dose of MMR. As time since receipt, seropositivity of measles tended to decrease over time and was 93.3% in vaccinees over 48 months after the first dose.CONCLUSIONA first dose MMR at 12-15 months cannot lead to herd immunity. More public information is needed to encourage second dose vaccination before admission to day-care center or kindergarten. -
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