Epidemiology and Health

Original Articles

Smokeless tobacco consumption and its association with tobacco control factors in the Western Pacific Region: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2015-2019: Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Anusha Manoharan; Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022103. Published online November 8, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022103

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We estimated the prevalence of smokeless tobacco (ST) consumption and its associations with tobacco control factors among school-going youth in 18 Western Pacific Region (WPR) countries.

METHODS

We analyzed school-based Global Youth Tobacco Survey (2014-2019) microdata from 18 WPR countries and estimated weighted prevalence rates of ST consumption, cigarette smoking, and dual use. We used multilevel binary logistic regression to examine the associations of ST consumption and dual use with demographic variables, exposure to pro-tobacco and anti-tobacco factors, national income, and MPOWER indicators.

RESULTS

Data from 58,263 school-going youth were analyzed. The prevalence of past 30-day ST consumption was highest in Kiribati (42.1%), the Marshall Islands (26.1%), Micronesia (21.3%), Palau (16.0%), and Papua New Guinea (15.2%). In adjusted multilevel models, ST consumption and dual use were significantly associated with sex, age, parental smoking, pro-tobacco factors, national income, and MPOWER score. For each unit increase in score for cessation programs, we observed approximately 1.4-fold increases in the odds of youth ST consumption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.66) and dual use (aOR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.16 to 1.86). Similarly, for each unit increase in score for health-related warnings, the odds of both ST consumption (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.42 to 0.53) and dual use (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.42) decreased by approximately 60%.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of youth ST consumption was substantial in the Pacific Islands, exceeding that of cigarette smoking in some countries. Implementing MPOWER measures for ST products could help reduce ST consumption.

Summary

Key Message
The prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption, and cigarette smoking is considerably high among the school going youth in five pacific island nations of Western Pacific Region. Exposure to pro-tobacco factors and parental smoking were positively associated with youth smokeless tobacco consumption as well as dual use (both smokeless tobacco and cigarettes smoking) Closer monitoring and strict tobacco control policies are needed to prevent further escalation of smokeless tobacco consumption.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Single, Dual, and Poly Use of Tobacco Products, and Associated Factors Among Adults in 18 Global Adult Tobacco Survey Countries During 2015–2021
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Kiran Acharya, N. RamakrishnaReddy
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Development and validation of a sunlight exposure questionnaire for urban adult Filipinos: Marc Gregory Yu, Nina Castillo-Carandang, Maria Elinor Grace Sison, Angelique Bea Uy, Katrina Lenora Villarante, Patricia Maningat, Elizabeth Paz-Pacheco, Eileen Abesamis-Cubillan; Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018050. Published online October 11, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018050

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To develop and validate a self-reported sunlight exposure questionnaire (SEQ) for urban adult Filipinos.

METHODS

The study included adults (19-76 years old) in Metro Manila, Philippines, well-versed in the Filipino (Tagalog) language and had resided in Metro Manila for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, active skin disorders, and immunocompromised states. An expert panel created a questionnaire in Likert-scale format based on a conceptual framework and 4 existing instruments. The study proceeded in 4 phases: questionnaire item development, translation and back-translation, pretesting, and construct validity and reliability testing using factor analysis, the Cronbach alpha coefficient, and the paired t-test.

RESULTS

A 25-item, self-administered, Filipino (Tagalog) SEQ answerable using a 4-point Likert scale was created. The questionnaire was administered to 260 adult participants twice at a 2-week interval, with all participants completing both the first and second rounds of testing. All questionnaire items possessed adequate content validity indices of at least 0.86. After factor analysis, 3 questionnaire domains were identified: intensity of sunlight exposure, factors affecting sunlight exposure, and sun protection practices. Internal consistency was satisfactory for both the overall questionnaire (Cronbach alpha, 0.80) and for each of the domains (Cronbach alpha, 0.74, 0.71, and 0.72, respectively). No statistically significant differences were observed in the responses between the first and second rounds of testing, indicating good test-retest reliability.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a culturally-appropriate SEQ with sufficient content validity, construct validity, and reliability to assess sunlight exposure among urban adult Filipinos in Metro Manila, Philippines.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the sunlight exposure questionnaire
Xiaoxia Wang, Qin Wang, Zhe Li, Mengjie Chen, Maoting Guo, Laixi Kong, Liyuan Chen, Xiaolong Li, Junjun Li, Qieyan Cao, Zhenhua Luo, Zhenzhen Xiong, Dan Zhao
Frontiers in Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and Validation of Vitamin D- Food Frequency Questionnaire for Moroccan Women of Reproductive Age: Use of the Sun Exposure Score and the Method of Triad’s Model
Noura Zouine, Ilham Lhilali, Aziza Menouni, Lode Godderis, Adil El Midaoui, Samir El Jaafari, Younes Zegzouti Filali
Nutrients.2023; 15(4): 796. CrossRef
Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age
Ilham Lhilali, Noura Zouine, Aziza Menouni, Lode Godderis, Marie-Paule Kestemont, Adil El Midaoui, Samir El Jaafari, Younes Filali-Zegzouti
Nutrients.2023; 15(3): 688. CrossRef
Association of sunlight exposure with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels among working urban adult Filipinos
Noemie Marie M. Mansibang, Marc Gregory Y. Yu, Cecilia A. Jimeno, Frances Lina Lantion-Ang
Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia.2020; 6(3): 133. CrossRef

Perspective

The direction of restructuring of a Korea field epidemiology training program through questionnaire survey among communicable disease response staff in Korea: Moo Sik Lee, Kwan Lee, Jee-Hyuk Park, Jee-Young Hong, Min-Young Jang, Byoung-Hak Jeon, Sang-Yun Cho, Sun-Ja Choi, JeongIk Hong; Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017032. Published online July 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017032

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Abstract

We used a survey about the need for an educational training of infectious disease response staff in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) and officer in metropolitan cities and provincial government to conduct field epidemiological investigation. The survey was conducted from January 25 to March 15, 2016. A total of 173 participants were selected from four different groups as follows: 27 clinical specialists, 22 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officers, 82 KCDC staff, and 42 local health department officials. Results revealed that 83% of KCDC staff and 95% of local health department officials agreed on the need for educational training to strengthen capability of personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation. The level of their need for training was relatively high, while self-confidence levels of individuals to conduct epidemic research and investigation was low. It was concluded that there was a need to develop training programs to enhance the ability of public health officials, EIS officers, KCDC staff, and local health department personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation.

Summary

Korean summary
2015년 한국의 메르스 유행후 한국의 감염병 대응인력을 대상으로 한 조사분석을 통하여 역학조사관 교육 개편의 필요성을 확인하고, 세부 교육과정, 방법 및 내용 등 포괄적인 교육강화 및 개선방안을 모색하여 향후 역학조사관 신규 교육프로그램의 개발과 역량강화 방안을 제시하였다.

Citations

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Perceived sources of occupational burn-out and embitterment among front-line health workers for COVID-19 control in Gyeonggi province, South Korea: a qualitative study
Bee-Ah Kang, Sijoung Kwon, Myoungsoon You, Heeyoung Lee
Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022; 79(4): 245. CrossRef

Method

Assessing measurement error in surveys using latent class analysis: application to self-reported illicit drug use in data from the Iranian Mental Health Survey: Kazem Khalagi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Keramat Nourijelyani, Masoumeh Amin-Esmaeili, Ahmad Hajebi, Vandad Sharif, Reza Radgoodarzi, Mitra Hefazi, Abbas Motevalian; Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016013. Published online April 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016013

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Abstract PDF: Abstract
Latent class analysis (LCA) is a method of assessing and correcting measurement error in surveys. The local independence assumption in LCA assumes that indicators are independent from each other condition on the latent variable. Violation of this assumption leads to unreliable results. We explored this issue by using LCA to estimate the prevalence of illicit drug use in the Iranian Mental Health Survey. The following three indicators were included in the LCA models: five or more instances of using any illicit drug in the past 12 months (indicator A), any use of any illicit drug in the past 12 months (indicator B), and the self-perceived need of treatment services or having received treatment for a substance use disorder in the past 12 months (indicator C). Gender was also used in all LCA models as a grouping variable. One LCA model using indicators A and B, as well as 10 different LCA models using indicators A, B, and C, were fitted to the data. The three models that had the best fit to the data included the following correlations between indicators: (AC and AB), (AC), and (AC, BC, and AB). The estimated prevalence of illicit drug use based on these three models was 28.9%, 6.2% and 42.2%, respectively. None of these models completely controlled for violation of the local independence assumption. In order to perform unbiased estimations using the LCA approach, the factors violating the local independence assumption (behaviorally correlated error, bivocality, and latent heterogeneity) should be completely taken into account in all models using well-known methods.; Summary

Original Articles

Application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) to patients with cataract: Ali Gholami, Mahmood Tavakoli Araghi, Fatemeh Shamsabadi, Mahdiye Bayat, Fatemeh Dabirkhani, Farhad Moradpour, Kamyar Mansori, Yousef Moradi, Abdolhalim Rajabi; Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016005. Published online February 4, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016005

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Cataract is a prevalent disease in the elderly, and negatively influences patients’ quality of life. This study was conducted to study the application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) to patients with cataract.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 300 patients with cataract were studied in Neyshabur, Iran from July to October 2014. The Iranian version of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was used to measure their quality of life. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the paired t-test, the independent t-test, and a linear regression model were used to analyze the data in SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

RESULTS

The mean age of the participants was 68.11±11.98 years, and most were female (53%). The overall observed Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the WHOQOL-BREF was 0.889, ranging from 0.714 to 0.810 in its four domains. The total mean score of the respondents on the WHOQOL-BREF was 13.19. The highest and lowest mean scores were observed in the social relationship domain (14.11) and the physical health domain (12.29), respectively. A backward multiple linear regression model found that duration of disease and marital status were associated with total WHOQOL scores, while age, duration of disease, marital status, and income level were associated with domains one through four, respectively (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The reliability analysis conducted in this study indicated that the WHOQOL-BREF scale exhibited an acceptable degree of internal consistency in the measurement of the quality of life of patients with cataract. It was also found that the patients with cataract who were surveyed reported a relatively moderate quality of life.

Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Quality of Life and its sociodemographic determinants: a population-based study from rural Punjab, India
Sapana Kasaudhan, Kallur Nava Saraswathy, Vineet Chaudhary
Discover Social Science and Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of quality of life in glaucoma patients in a tertiary care center in Eastern India
Saswati Sen, Alpana Mishra, Matuli Das, Vanaja Iyer, Mehak Sethi
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 71(7): 2767. CrossRef
Psychometric evaluation of the WHOQOL-BREF and its shorter versions for general Thai population: confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis
Krittaphas Kangwanrattanakul, Christian U. Krägeloh
Quality of Life Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Contraception Awareness and Mental Well-Being in Teenagers and Young Adult Women: A Three-Year Cross-Sectional Analysis
Denisa Hinoveanu, Doru Mihai Anastasiu, Cosmin Citu, Zoran Laurentiu Popa, Izabella Erdelean, Catalin Dumitru, Marius Biris, Flavius Olaru, Oana Neda-Stepan, Roxana Manuela Fericean, Eugen Radu Boia, Eugenia Maria Domuta, Lavinia Stelea
Healthcare.2023; 11(22): 2990. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of the Quality of Life in Families with Children or Adolescents Having Congenital versus Acquired Neuropathology
Maria V. Morcov, Liliana Pădure, Cristian G. Morcov, Andrada Mirea, Marian Ghiță, Gelu Onose
Children.2022; 9(5): 714. CrossRef
QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT IN BRONCHIECTASIS PATIENT
Ankit Kumar, Sulakshana Gautam, Santosh Kumar, Vijeta Niranjan
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH.2022; : 74. CrossRef
Quality of life of older adults in two contrasting neighbourhoods in Accra, Ghana
Dominic A. Alaazi, Devidas Menon, Tania Stafinski, Stephen Hodgins, Gian Jhangri
Social Science & Medicine.2021; 270: 113659. CrossRef
Cultural adaptation and validation of the Sidamic version of the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life-Bref Scale measuring the quality of life of women with severe preeclampsia in southern Ethiopia, 2020
Birhanu Jikamo, Mulat Adefris, Telake Azale, Kassahun Alemu
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Mental health literacy and quality of life in Iran: a cross-sectional study
Alireza Jafari, Mahbobeh Nejatian, Vahideh Momeniyan, Fatemeh Ramezani Barsalani, Hadi Tehrani
BMC Psychiatry.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Quality of life among Syrian refugees in Germany: a cross-sectional pilot study
Feras Al Masri, Mattea Müller, Josefine Nebl, Theresa Greupner, Andreas Hahn, Dorothee Straka
Archives of Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of health-related quality of life among tuberculosis patients in a public primary care facility in Indonesia
Ika Sartika, WidyaNorma Insani, Rizky Abdulah
Journal of Global Infectious Diseases.2019; 11(3): 102. CrossRef
Validation and reliability of the Abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) in the hospitalized trauma population
N. Kruithof, J.A. Haagsma, M. Karabatzakis, M.C. Cnossen, L. de Munter, C.L.P. van de Ree, M.A.C. de Jongh, S. Polinder
Injury.2018; 49(10): 1796. CrossRef
Application of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument, Short Form (WHOQOL-BREF) to patients with endometriosis
Abolfazl Mehdizadeh Kashi, Yousef Moradi, Shahla Chaichian, Zahra Najmi, Kamyar Mansori, Forugh Salehin, Azade Rastgar, Sorour Khateri
Obstetrics & Gynecology Science.2018; 61(5): 598. CrossRef

Using Formative Research to Design an Epidemiologic Survey: The North Carolina Study of Home Care and Hospice Nurses: Jack K. Leiss, Jennifer T. Lyden, Cynthia Klein; Epidemiol Health. 2011;33:e2011008. Published online September 7, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2011008

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Abstract PDF

Abstract

<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title>Formative research can serve as a means of obtaining important information for designing an epidemiologic study, but descriptions of this approach in the epidemiologic literature are lacking. The objective of this paper is to describe the use of three formative research techniques in designing a survey of home care and hospice nurses.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>We conducted two focus groups, seven key informant interviews, and approximately fifteen hours of direct observation among home care and hospice nurses recruited by word of mouth in North Carolina in 2006.</sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title>We used information obtained from the formative research to decide which survey design would likely be most successful with this population (mail survey, as opposed to Internet survey or in-person interviews), which measure to use for the denominator of the blood exposure incidence rates (number of visits, as opposed to patient-time), and which items and response options to include in the questionnaire, as well as to identify specific survey techniques that would likely increase the response rate (emphasizing the regional focus of the study; sending the questionnaire to the home address).</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title>When particular information for planning a study is unavailable from the literature or the investigator's experience, formative research can be an effective means of obtaining that information.</sec>

Summary

Citations

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Nutrition and dietetic students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding food science and technology
Alex E. Mohr, Selicia T. Mayra, Lindsay Gnant, Anthony J. Basile, Karen L. Sweazea
Journal of Food Science Education.2020; 19(3): 212. CrossRef

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