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Community-based surveillance of Cryptosporidium in the indigenous community of Boliwong, Philippines: from April to December 2017
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Ryan V. Labana, Julieta Z. Dungca, Veeranoot Nissapatorn
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Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018047. Published online September 28, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018047
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
For the first time, Boliwong, an indigenous community in the Philippines, was surveyed for the prevalence of Cryptosporidium from April to December 2017.
METHODS Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in samples from the river, creek, and water pumps via immunomagnetic separation techniques, and from human and animal concentrated faecal samples using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique.
RESULTS Seven of the 24 water samples (29.2%) were positive for Cryptosporidium, with the highest concentration (0.8 oocyst/L) detected in the creek. Of 35 fecal samples from different animal groups, 8 (21.6%) were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The highest intensity of oocyst shedding was detected in dogs (χ2 =8.00). Of the 137 human fecal samples, 39 (28.5%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. In this study, 3 risk factors were found to be associated with infection: (1) location (crude odds ratio [cOR], 16.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 127.41; p=0.008), (2) drinking water from the natural spring (cOR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.82; p<0.05), and (3) using an open pit as a sanitary toilet facility (cOR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.14 to 5.20; p<0.05). When the cOR was adjusted, using an open pit as a sanitary toilet facility remained a significant risk factor of infection (adjusted OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.90; p<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS There is a potentially emerging Cryptosporidium zoonosis in Boliwong, Lagawe, Philippines. It is recommended that the toilet facilities and the water system in the community be rehabilitated to avoid any possible disease outbreak. Health education is also needed in the community to maintain proper hygiene and sanitation practices.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - The Interplay Between Household Risk Perception of Parasitic Infections and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices: Evidence From an Urban Poor Community in the Philippines
Ryan V Labana, Ma. Cate Nicole M Borda, Ryan Toribio A Campo, Maria Antonia V Ocampo
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Domesticated animal reservoirs of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in agricultural farms in Laguna and Quezon provinces, Philippines
Vachel Gay V. Paller, David Lester A. Mendoza, Jeph Roxy M. Macaraig
Journal of Parasitic Diseases.2024; 48(3): 485. CrossRef - Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cats and dogs: What is the real zoonotic risk?
Amanda D. Barbosa, Siobhon Egan, Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao, Una Ryan
Current Research in Parasitology & Vector-Borne Diseases.2023; 4: 100158. CrossRef - Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cryptosporidiosis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Xin Yang, Yaqiong Guo, Lihua Xiao, Yaoyu Feng
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp. for microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake, Philippines
Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O. dela Peña, Mark Raymond A. Vejano, Windell L. Rivera
Journal of Water and Health.2021; 19(3): 534. CrossRef - Cryptosporidium in the Philippines
Ryan Vidal Labana
International Annals of Science.2018; 6(1): 18. CrossRef
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