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Associations of self-rated health, depression, and work ability with employee control over working time
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Heejoo Ko, Seong-Sik Cho, Jaesung Choi, Mo-Yeol Kang
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Epidemiol Health. 2025;e2025036. Published online July 8, 2025
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025036
[Accepted]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Work-time control (WTC), defined as employees’ ability to influence their work schedules, is a crucial determinant of work-life balance and well-being. This study aims to evaluate the associations between WTC and health-related outcomes among Korean workers and examine potential effect modifications by working hours and shift work status.
METHODS This study analyzed data from the 2024 wave of the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study, a nationwide panel study of workers aged 19 to 70 years (n=5,195). WTC was measured using a 6-item scale, and participants were categorized into low (≤12) or high (>12) WTC groups. Outcomes included self-rated health (SRH), depression (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and work ability (WA, measured by the Work Ability Index). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor SRH, moderate-to-severe depression, and poor WA, adjusting for demographic and occupational variables. Subgroup analyses assessed effect modifications by working hours and shift work.
RESULTS Higher WTC was associated with lower odds of poor SRH (OR, 0.730; 95% CI, 0.618 to 0.863), moderate-to-severe depression (OR, 0.710; 95% CI, 0.606 to 0.833), and poor WA (OR, 0.624; 95% CI, 0.463 to 0.841). These associations were significant among daytime workers but not shift workers. The protective effects of WTC were attenuated among workers exceeding 52 hours/week.
CONCLUSIONS Higher WTC is associated with better health and work outcomes, emphasizing its importance for employee well-being. However, its benefits may be limited among shift workers and employees working excessive hours.
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Summary
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Dynamic changes in clinical biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases by changes in exercise behavior, and network comparisons: a community-based prospective cohort study in Korea
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JooYong Park, Jaesung Choi, Ji-Eun Kim, Sang-Min Park, Joo-Youn Cho, Daehee Kang, Miyoung Lee, Ji-Yeob Choi
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Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023026. Published online February 16, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023026
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Abstract
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Lifestyles, including exercise behaviors, change continually over time. This study examined whether the clinical biomarkers (CBs) related to cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) and their relationships differed with changes in exercise behavior.
METHODS The Ansan-Ansung cohort study (third to fifth phases; n=2,668) was used in the current study. Regular exercise behavior was investigated using a yes/no questionnaire. Changes in exercise behavior were classified into 4 groups: Y-N, N-Y, Y-Y, and N-N, with “Y” indicating that a participant regularly engaged in exercise at a given time point and “N” indicating that he or she did not. Fourteen CBs related to CMDs were used, and the associations between changes in exercise behavior and relative changes in CBs were examined. CB networks were constructed and topological comparisons were conducted.
RESULTS Y-N was associated with increases in fasting blood sugar and insulin levels in men, and increased total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in women. Meanwhile, N-Y was inversely associated with body fat percentage, visceral fat percentage, fasting insulin, and triglyceride level. Waist circumference played a central role in most networks. In men, more edges were found in the N-Y and Y-Y groups than in the N-N and Y-N groups, whereas women in the N-Y and Y-Y groups had more edges than those in the N-N and Y-N groups.
CONCLUSIONS Consistent exercise or starting to engage in regular exercise had favorable effects on CBs related to CMDs, although their network patterns differed between the sexes.
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Summary
Korean summary
한국 지역사회기반 코호트 자료를 이용하여, 운동 행태 변화에 따른 심혈관대사질환 관련 임상 생체 지표들의 변화가 남녀에 따라, 변화 행태에 따라 다르게 나타남을 확인하였다. 이런 변화와 차이는 네트워크 분석을 통한 구조적인 차이로도 확인되었다.
Key Message
This study examined that changes in the clinical biomarkers related to cardiometabolic diseases differed with changes in exercise behavior using a community-based prospective cohort study in Korea. Consistent exercise or change into exercise behavior had favorable effects on CB related to CMD, although their network patterns differed between the sexes.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - A 6-month exercise intervention clinical trial in women: effects of physical activity on multi-omics biomarkers and health during the first wave of COVID-19 in Korea
JooYong Park, Jaemyung Kim, Jihyun Kang, Jaesung Choi, Ji-Eun Kim, Kyung-Joon Min, Seong-Woo Choi, Joo-Youn Cho, Miyoung Lee, Ji-Yeob Choi
BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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