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The vaccination coverage rate in under-5 children in Nasiriyah, Iraq before and during the COVID-19 pandemic
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Ali Rifaat Alhaddad, Elham Ahmadnezhad, Akbar Fotouhi
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Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022035. Published online March 14, 2022
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022035
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Abstract
providOBJECTIVES:
This study compared the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) in children under 5 years old in Nasiriyah, Iraq before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Nasiriyah in southeastern Iraq, with data collected from 79 primary healthcare facilities. This study evaluated the VCR in 3 periods (2018, 2019, and 2020) using multi-level random sampling. Pertinent data were extracted from the vaccination records of 598 children for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG); pentavalent 1, 2, and 3; measles; and activated oral poliovirus vaccine 1 and 2. Missing data were completed by telephone calls to participants’ parents. Logistic regression was applied to compare and estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between VCR and related factors.
RESULTS The data showed the greatest decline in the studied vaccines in 2020. Among the vaccines studied, BCG had the highest rate in all 3 periods (100% VCR) and measles had the lowest rate (83.7%), reaching 63.6% in 2020 (p<0.001). The highest OR among all types of vaccine were found for the pentavalent-3 vaccine among city dwellers and those born in 2020 (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.39 to 5.10 and OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.28, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS The VCR for children decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq, and new health policies are needed to increase the coverage rate. Improving the knowledge and attitudes of parents, as well as removing barriers or risk factors, can also be effective in improving the VCR.
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Summary
Key Message
Vaccination is one of the most important essential health services. COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the coverage of vaccination among under five.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by  - How the COVID-19 pandemic affected infant vaccination trends in rural and urban communities in Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Awwal Adetunji Adegoke, Folusho Mubowale Balogun
BMJ Open.2024; 14(7): e073272. CrossRef - The impact of coronavirus pandemic shutdowns on immunization completion in Hadeetha, Anbar, Iraq: A case-study of vaccine completion in a recovering healthcare system
Sara Al-Dahir, Tahseen Abdul Latif Hassan, William Moss, Alaa Khalil, Gilbert Burnham, Maria Deloria Knoll, S.M. Moazzem Hossain, Kawsar Talaat
Vaccine.2024; : 126383. CrossRef - COVID-19 infections among Iraqi school students: Severity, types, and symptoms
Saad Hantoosh
Journal of Medicine and Life.2023; 16(10): 1552. CrossRef - Current Impact and Long-Term Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Iraqi Healthcare Systems: A Case Study
Taysir Al Janabi, Sunny Chung
Epidemiologia.2022; 3(4): 412. CrossRef - Dropout of Vaccination Among Iraqi Children
Maha. A. Kadim, Anees Flayyih Abdulhasan, Zainab Abdulameer Abdulrasol, Ali Fadhil Obaid
South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities.2022; 3(6): 163. CrossRef
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Pre-hypertension and the risk of diabetes mellitus incidence using a marginal structural model in an Iranian prospective cohort study
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Ahmad Khosravi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Hassan Hashemi, Akbar Fotouhi
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Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018026. Published online June 23, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018026
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13,087
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190
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6
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5
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Abstract
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-hypertension and its sub-classification on the development of diabetes.
METHODS In this cohort study, 2,941 people 40 to 64 years old without hypertension or diabetes were followed from 2009 through 2014. According to the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC)-7 criteria, we classified participants into normal and pre-hypertension groups. The effect of pre-hypertension on the 5-year incidence rate of diabetes was studied using inverse probability of treatment weighting. We modeled the exposure and censored cases given confounding factors such as age, sex, body mass index, smoking, economic status, and education.
RESULTS The 5-year incidence rate of diabetes among people with pre-hypertension and those with normal blood pressure (BP) was 12.7 and 9.7%, respectively. The risk ratio (RR) for people with pre-hypertension was estimated to be 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 1.41). The RRs among people with normal BP and high-normal BP, according to the JNC-6 criteria, compared to those with optimal BP were 0.96 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.25) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.72), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that participants who had higher levels of BP (high-normal compared to optimal BP) had a higher risk of diabetes development. With regard to the quantitative nature of BP, using the specifically distinguishing of stage 1 hypertension or high-normal BP may be a more meaningful categorization for diabetes risk assessment than the JNC-7 classification.
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Summary
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by - The association of ALT to HDL-C ratio with type 2 diabetes in 50–74 years old adults: a population-based study
Abolfazl Emamian, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Hassan Hashemi, Akbar Fotouhi
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Prevalence of prediabetes, diabetes, diabetes awareness, treatment, and its socioeconomic inequality in west of Iran
Farhad Moradpour, Satar Rezaei, Bakhtiar Piroozi, Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Negar Piri, Azad Shokri
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between cardiovascular risk factors and stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines
Xing Zhen Liu, Dong Shui Chen, Fu Ping Di, Cheng Yong Shi, Hui Hua Li, Jun Min Wang, Yi Xin Ji
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension.2020; 42(6): 483. CrossRef - Obesity is the most important factor for gender inequality in type 2 diabetes incidence in an Iranian population
Ahamd Khosravi, MohammadHassan Hashemian, Hassan Hashemi, Akbar Fotouhi
International Journal of Preventive Medicine.2019; 10(1): 215. CrossRef - Blood Pressure and the Risk of Death From Non-cardiovascular Diseases: A Population-based Cohort Study of Korean Adults
Jeoungbin Choi, Jieun Jang, Yoonsuk An, Sue K. Park
Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2018; 51(6): 298. CrossRef
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