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1Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
2HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
4Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
©2018, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Behavior | Country, year [reference] | Sample (n) | Method | Transparency (95% CI), % |
---|---|---|---|---|
PWID | Ukraine, 2009 [9]1 | PWIDs (28) | Game of contacts | 57.0 |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing PWID (113) | Social respect | 50.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [19] | PWIDs (163) | Game of contacts | 54.0 (50.0, 58.0) | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Female: 0.0 | |
Male: 35.0 | ||||
Aggregate: 14.0 | ||||
Georgia, 2015 [29] | PWID (1,951) | Game of contacts | Tbilisi: 46.2 (41.0, 51.4) | |
Gori: 34.8 (29.3, 40.2) | ||||
Telavi: 32.0 (26.6, 37.4) | ||||
Zugdidi: 46.1 (40.3, 51.9) | ||||
Batumi: 45.4 (39.5, 51.3) | ||||
Kutaisi: 44.4 (38.6, 50.1) | ||||
Rustavi: 34.5 (28.6, 40.4) | ||||
Aggregate: 40.5 (38.3, 42.6) | ||||
Moldova, 2010 [8] | Not provided | Social respect | Stratified by region: 14.0, 5.0, 76.0, 42.0, 3.9, 44.0, 100.0 | |
FSW | Ukraine, 2009 [9]1 | FSWs (21) | Game of contacts | 34.0 |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing FSW (229) | Social respect | 111.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [19] | FSWs (76) | Game of contact | 45.0 (42.0, 48.0) | |
Clients of FSW | China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing clients (480) | Social respect | 45.0 |
MSM | Ukraine, 2009 [9]1 | MSMs (108) | Game of contacts | 24.0 |
China (Shanghai), 2015 [20] | Participants admitted knowing MSM (622) | Social respect | 52.0 | |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing MSM (113) | Social respect | 44.0 | |
Georgia, 2016 [14] | MSMs (210) | Game of contacts | 26.0 (23.0, 29.0) | |
Rwanda, 2011 [11] | MSMs (17) | Game of contacts | 20.0 | |
Japan, 2012 [13] | Internet users (1,500) | Came out ratio | 1.4 | |
Abortion | Iran, 2014 [18] | Midwives and gynecologists (34) | Expert opinion | Therapeutic: 43.0, 73.0 |
Spontaneous: 20.0, 34.0 | ||||
Intentional: 20.0, 34.0 | ||||
Iran, 2016 [27] | For each type (74) | Game of contacts | Therapeutic: 60.0 (54.0, 66.0) | |
Spontaneous: 50.0 (43.0, 57.0) | ||||
Intentional: 8.0 (6.0, 10.0) | ||||
Alcohol | Brazil, 2011 [12] | Users (294) | Game of contacts | <76.0 |
Iran, 2016 [21] | Students (563) | Comparison of NSU and CW | 48.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Female: 19.0; male: 48.0 | |
Drug | Brazil, 2011 [12] | Drug users (294) | Game of contacts | Cocaine paste: 72.0 |
Marijuana: 78.0 | ||||
Crack: <77.0 | ||||
Amphetamine: <76.0 | ||||
Cocaine powder: <75.0 | ||||
Ecstasy: <75.0 | ||||
Iran, 2016 [21] | Students (563) | Comparison of NSU and CW | Methamphetamine: 17.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Opium: 6.0 for female; 32.0 for male | |
Cancer | Iran, 2015 [28] | Cancer patients (415) | Game of contacts | 86.0 (83.0, 89.0) |
CI, confidence interval; PWID, people who inject drugs; MSM, male who have sex with male; FSW, female sex worker; NSU, network scale-up; PRM, proxy respondent method; CW, cross-wise.
1 In Ukraine study two correction factors were applied; Correction factors were calculated using social respect and game of contact approaches; Results of game of contact are provided in Table 1.
Method | Samples | Work | Strengths | Weaknesses |
---|---|---|---|---|
Expert opinion | Field experts | Approach field experts and ask their opinion | Easy to apply | Might overestimate the VF |
Needs no contact with the hidden group | ||||
Comparison of NSU with PRM | Hidden and general population | Use ratio of NSU estimates to estimates made using another method | Provides 2 estimates | Difficult to implement |
Helps to validate the estimates | ||||
Social respect | General population | Weighted number of alters known by participant | Needs no contact with the hidden group | Does not reflect the VF concept; adjusted estimate might be smaller than the crude estimates |
Extracts estimates and correction factors from a single population | ||||
Coming-out ratio | Hidden population | Divide total number of aware alters by the total number of alters | NA | Needs contact with the hidden group |
Needs estimation of the network size of the hidden population | ||||
Extracts estimates and correction factors from 2 populations | ||||
Game of contacts | Hidden population | Divide total number of aware alters by the total number of alters in a limited network | Applied in most settings and in different countries | Needs contact with the hidden group |
Extracts estimates and correction factors from 2 populations |
Behavior | Country, year [reference] | Sample (n) | Method | Transparency (95% CI), % |
---|---|---|---|---|
PWID | Ukraine, 2009 [9] |
PWIDs (28) | Game of contacts | 57.0 |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing PWID (113) | Social respect | 50.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [19] | PWIDs (163) | Game of contacts | 54.0 (50.0, 58.0) | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Female: 0.0 | |
Male: 35.0 | ||||
Aggregate: 14.0 | ||||
Georgia, 2015 [29] | PWID (1,951) | Game of contacts | Tbilisi: 46.2 (41.0, 51.4) | |
Gori: 34.8 (29.3, 40.2) | ||||
Telavi: 32.0 (26.6, 37.4) | ||||
Zugdidi: 46.1 (40.3, 51.9) | ||||
Batumi: 45.4 (39.5, 51.3) | ||||
Kutaisi: 44.4 (38.6, 50.1) | ||||
Rustavi: 34.5 (28.6, 40.4) | ||||
Aggregate: 40.5 (38.3, 42.6) | ||||
Moldova, 2010 [8] | Not provided | Social respect | Stratified by region: 14.0, 5.0, 76.0, 42.0, 3.9, 44.0, 100.0 | |
FSW | Ukraine, 2009 [9] |
FSWs (21) | Game of contacts | 34.0 |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing FSW (229) | Social respect | 111.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [19] | FSWs (76) | Game of contact | 45.0 (42.0, 48.0) | |
Clients of FSW | China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing clients (480) | Social respect | 45.0 |
MSM | Ukraine, 2009 [9] |
MSMs (108) | Game of contacts | 24.0 |
China (Shanghai), 2015 [20] | Participants admitted knowing MSM (622) | Social respect | 52.0 | |
China (Chongqing), 2013 [26] | Participants admitted knowing MSM (113) | Social respect | 44.0 | |
Georgia, 2016 [14] | MSMs (210) | Game of contacts | 26.0 (23.0, 29.0) | |
Rwanda, 2011 [11] | MSMs (17) | Game of contacts | 20.0 | |
Japan, 2012 [13] | Internet users (1,500) | Came out ratio | 1.4 | |
Abortion | Iran, 2014 [18] | Midwives and gynecologists (34) | Expert opinion | Therapeutic: 43.0, 73.0 |
Spontaneous: 20.0, 34.0 | ||||
Intentional: 20.0, 34.0 | ||||
Iran, 2016 [27] | For each type (74) | Game of contacts | Therapeutic: 60.0 (54.0, 66.0) | |
Spontaneous: 50.0 (43.0, 57.0) | ||||
Intentional: 8.0 (6.0, 10.0) | ||||
Alcohol | Brazil, 2011 [12] | Users (294) | Game of contacts | <76.0 |
Iran, 2016 [21] | Students (563) | Comparison of NSU and CW | 48.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Female: 19.0; male: 48.0 | |
Drug | Brazil, 2011 [12] | Drug users (294) | Game of contacts | Cocaine paste: 72.0 |
Marijuana: 78.0 | ||||
Crack: <77.0 | ||||
Amphetamine: <76.0 | ||||
Cocaine powder: <75.0 | ||||
Ecstasy: <75.0 | ||||
Iran, 2016 [21] | Students (563) | Comparison of NSU and CW | Methamphetamine: 17.0 | |
Iran, 2014 [25] | Students (420) | Comparison of NSU with PRM | Opium: 6.0 for female; 32.0 for male | |
Cancer | Iran, 2015 [28] | Cancer patients (415) | Game of contacts | 86.0 (83.0, 89.0) |
VF, visibility factor; NSU, network scale-up; PRM, proxy respondent method; NA, not applicable.
CI, confidence interval; PWID, people who inject drugs; MSM, male who have sex with male; FSW, female sex worker; NSU, network scale-up; PRM, proxy respondent method; CW, cross-wise. In Ukraine study two correction factors were applied; Correction factors were calculated using social respect and game of contact approaches; Results of game of contact are provided in