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1Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Sociology, Yonsei University College of Social Sciences, Seoul, Korea
5Department of Clinical Nursing Science, Yonsei University College of Nursing, Seoul, Korea
6Division of Silver Industry, Kangnam University, Yongin, Korea
Copyright © 2014, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Categories | Measurements |
---|---|
Socio-demographic | Household membership |
data | Household income |
Education | |
Current and past occupation | |
Social position in the community | |
Marital status | |
Social support from spouse | |
Social support from family members and relatives | |
Social support from friends and neighbors | |
Intergenerational support | |
Social activity involvement | |
Welfare service usage | |
Social network | Complete network analysis |
analysis | Ego-centric network analysis |
Health behaviors | Cigarette smoking |
Alcohol consumption | |
Sleep duration | |
Health screening | |
Influenza vaccination | |
Physical health | Self-rated general health (Korean version of SF-12) |
Physician diagnosed diseases | |
Falls | |
Mental health and | Self-rated emotional stress |
cognitive function | Suicidal thoughts and/or attempts |
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | |
Life satisfaction | |
Mini Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening | |
Physical examina- | Standing height and body weight |
tion and perfor- | Waist, hip, and thigh circumference |
mance | Resting brachial blood pressure |
Bio-impedence analysis for body composition study1 | |
Radial pulse wave analysis for augmentation index and central blood pressure1 | |
Ultrasound calcaneus bone densitometry1 | |
Timed-up-and-go test1 | |
Blood assays | Serum storage |
Blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC | |
Serum protein, albumin, and total bilirubin | |
Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels | |
Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine | |
Glucose, insulin | |
Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides | |
C-reactive protein |
Variables | Total (n=698) | Men (n=286) | Women (n=412) | p for gender comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | ||||
Continuous | 72.4 ± 7.9 | 72.9 ± 7.1 | 72.1 ± 8.4 | 0.174 |
≤59 | 32 (4.6) | 3 (1.1) | 29 (7.0) | 0.002 |
60-69 | 206 (29.5) | 85 (29.7) | 121 (29.4) | |
70-79 | 346 (49.6) | 155 (54.2) | 191 (46.4) | |
80-89 | 97 (13.9) | 39 (13.6) | 58 (14.1) | |
≥90 | 17 (2.4) | 4 (1.4) | 13 (3.2) | |
Education (yr) | ||||
Never | 214 (30.7) | 53 (18.5) | 161 (39.1) | <0.001 |
≤6 | 199 (28.5) | 100 (35.0) | 99 (24.0) | |
7-9 | 64 (9.2) | 29 (10.1) | 35 (8.5) | |
10-12 | 168 (24.1) | 78 (27.3) | 90 (21.8) | |
≥13 | 53 (7.6) | 26 (9.1) | 27 (6.6) | |
Marriage | ||||
Currently married | 520 (74.5) | 262 (91.6) | 258 (62.6) | <0.001 |
Divorced, widowed | 173 (24.8) | 20 (7.0) | 153 (37.1) | |
Unmarried | 5 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 412 (59.0) | 203 (71.0) | 209 (50.7) | <0.001 |
Self-employed | 9 (1.3) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (1.2) | |
Unemployed | 277 (39.7) | 79 (27.6) | 198 (48.1) | |
Social network characteristics1 | ||||
In-degree centrality | 1.98 ± 1.60 | 2.15 ± 1.65 | 1.86 ± 1.55 | 0.019 |
Out-degree centrality | 2.25 ± 1.32 | 2.47 ± 1.39 | 2.10 ± 1.24 | <0.001 |
Communication density | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.049 |
Friendship density | 0.88 ± 0.27 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.87 ± 0.29 | 0.215 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
Non-smoker | 494 (70.8) | 90 (31.5) | 404 (98.1) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 120 (17.2 | 120 (42.0 | 0 (0.0) | |
Current smoker | 84 (12.0) | 76 (26.6) | 8 (1.9) | |
Alcoholic consumption | ||||
Non-drinker | 465 (66.6) | 122 (42.7) | 343 (83.3) | <0.001 |
Drinker (<1/wk) | 86 (12.3) | 43 (15.0) | 43 (10.4) | |
Drinker (≥1/wk) | 147 (21.1) | 121 (42.3) | 26 (6.3) | |
Physician-diagnosed diseases | ||||
Hypertension | 359 (51.4) | 130 (45.5) | 229 (55.6) | 0.009 |
Diabetes mellitus | 130 (18.6) | 60 (21.0) | 70 (17.0) | 0.183 |
Dyslipidemia | 68 (9.8 | 25 (8.7 | 43 (10.5 | 0.445 |
Osteoporosis/osteopenia | 164 (23.5) | 20 (7.0) | 144 (35.0) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 30 (4.3) | 17 (5.9) | 13 (3.2) | 0.074 |
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or mumber (%).
1 Social network characteristics were available for 643 people (270 males and 373 females). In-degree centrality indicates the number of people who chose the respondent as their social partner; Out-degree centrality indicates the number of people the respondent indicated as social partners; Communication density indicates the proportion of all possible pairs of social ties those who reported ever talking to each other; Friendship density indicates the proportion of all possible pairs of social ties those who reported feeling close to each one another.
Categories | Measurements |
---|---|
Socio-demographic | Household membership |
data | Household income |
Education | |
Current and past occupation | |
Social position in the community | |
Marital status | |
Social support from spouse | |
Social support from family members and relatives | |
Social support from friends and neighbors | |
Intergenerational support | |
Social activity involvement | |
Welfare service usage | |
Social network | Complete network analysis |
analysis | Ego-centric network analysis |
Health behaviors | Cigarette smoking |
Alcohol consumption | |
Sleep duration | |
Health screening | |
Influenza vaccination | |
Physical health | Self-rated general health (Korean version of SF-12) |
Physician diagnosed diseases | |
Falls | |
Mental health and | Self-rated emotional stress |
cognitive function | Suicidal thoughts and/or attempts |
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale | |
Life satisfaction | |
Mini Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening | |
Physical examina- | Standing height and body weight |
tion and perfor- | Waist, hip, and thigh circumference |
mance | Resting brachial blood pressure |
Bio-impedence analysis for body composition study |
|
Radial pulse wave analysis for augmentation index and central blood pressure |
|
Ultrasound calcaneus bone densitometry |
|
Timed-up-and-go test |
|
Blood assays | Serum storage |
Blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, and MCHC | |
Serum protein, albumin, and total bilirubin | |
Aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels | |
Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine | |
Glucose, insulin | |
Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides | |
C-reactive protein |
Variables | Total (n=698) | Men (n=286) | Women (n=412) | p for gender comparison |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | ||||
Continuous | 72.4 ± 7.9 | 72.9 ± 7.1 | 72.1 ± 8.4 | 0.174 |
≤59 | 32 (4.6) | 3 (1.1) | 29 (7.0) | 0.002 |
60-69 | 206 (29.5) | 85 (29.7) | 121 (29.4) | |
70-79 | 346 (49.6) | 155 (54.2) | 191 (46.4) | |
80-89 | 97 (13.9) | 39 (13.6) | 58 (14.1) | |
≥90 | 17 (2.4) | 4 (1.4) | 13 (3.2) | |
Education (yr) | ||||
Never | 214 (30.7) | 53 (18.5) | 161 (39.1) | <0.001 |
≤6 | 199 (28.5) | 100 (35.0) | 99 (24.0) | |
7-9 | 64 (9.2) | 29 (10.1) | 35 (8.5) | |
10-12 | 168 (24.1) | 78 (27.3) | 90 (21.8) | |
≥13 | 53 (7.6) | 26 (9.1) | 27 (6.6) | |
Marriage | ||||
Currently married | 520 (74.5) | 262 (91.6) | 258 (62.6) | <0.001 |
Divorced, widowed | 173 (24.8) | 20 (7.0) | 153 (37.1) | |
Unmarried | 5 (0.7) | 4 (1.4) | 1 (0.2) | |
Employment | ||||
Employed | 412 (59.0) | 203 (71.0) | 209 (50.7) | <0.001 |
Self-employed | 9 (1.3) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (1.2) | |
Unemployed | 277 (39.7) | 79 (27.6) | 198 (48.1) | |
Social network characteristics |
||||
In-degree centrality | 1.98 ± 1.60 | 2.15 ± 1.65 | 1.86 ± 1.55 | 0.019 |
Out-degree centrality | 2.25 ± 1.32 | 2.47 ± 1.39 | 2.10 ± 1.24 | <0.001 |
Communication density | 0.98 ± 0.11 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.049 |
Friendship density | 0.88 ± 0.27 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.87 ± 0.29 | 0.215 |
Cigarette smoking | ||||
Non-smoker | 494 (70.8) | 90 (31.5) | 404 (98.1) | <0.001 |
Ex-smoker | 120 (17.2 | 120 (42.0 | 0 (0.0) | |
Current smoker | 84 (12.0) | 76 (26.6) | 8 (1.9) | |
Alcoholic consumption | ||||
Non-drinker | 465 (66.6) | 122 (42.7) | 343 (83.3) | <0.001 |
Drinker (<1/wk) | 86 (12.3) | 43 (15.0) | 43 (10.4) | |
Drinker (≥1/wk) | 147 (21.1) | 121 (42.3) | 26 (6.3) | |
Physician-diagnosed diseases | ||||
Hypertension | 359 (51.4) | 130 (45.5) | 229 (55.6) | 0.009 |
Diabetes mellitus | 130 (18.6) | 60 (21.0) | 70 (17.0) | 0.183 |
Dyslipidemia | 68 (9.8 | 25 (8.7 | 43 (10.5 | 0.445 |
Osteoporosis/osteopenia | 164 (23.5) | 20 (7.0) | 144 (35.0) | <0.001 |
Cancer | 30 (4.3) | 17 (5.9) | 13 (3.2) | 0.074 |
Variables | Public health center examinations | Home examinations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n=533) | Men (n=212) | Women (n=321) | Total (n=165) | Men (n=74) | Women (n=91) | |
Age (yr) | 72.5 ± 7.5 | 73.0 ± 6.7 | 72.1 ± 8.0 | 72.2 ± 9.1 | 72.6 ± 8.2 | 71.9 ± 9.8 |
Weight (kg) | 58.1 ± 10.5 (n=531) | 62.6 ± 10.3 | 55.1 ± 9.5 (n=319) | 57.3 ± 10.7 (n=155) | 61.9 ± 10.3 (n=71) | 53.5 ± 9.6 (n=84) |
Height (cm) | 155.2 ± 9.0 (n=531) | 163.1 ± 6.0 | 150.0 ± 6.4 (n=319) | 154.4 ± 10.1 (n=155) | 161.8 ± 6.7 (n=70) | 148.3 ± 8.2 (n=84) |
Body mass index (kg/m²) | 24.0 ± 3.4 (n=531) | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 24.3 ± 3.4 (n=319) | 23.9 ± 3.4 (n=150) | 23.7 ± 3.2 (n=68) | 24.0 ± 3.6 (n=82) |
Percent body fat (%) | 33.5 ± 8.4 (n=518) | 28.7 ± 8.3 (n=209) | 36.8 ± 6.8 (n=309) | |||
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 132.9 ± 19.6 | 131.6 ± 19.1 | 133.7 ± 20.0 | 138.3 ± 21.2 | 136.0 ± 21.1 | 140.1 ± 21.3 |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 71.4 ± 9.9 | 73.0 ± 10.2 | 70.3 ± 9.6 | 74.2 ± 10.4 | 73.1 ± 10.4 | 75.1 ± 10.4 |
Pulse rate (/min) | 69.1 ± 11.25 | 68.6 ± 11.8 | 69.4 ± 10.9 | |||
Augmentation index (%) | 91.5 ± 12.2 (n=522) | 86.9 ± 12.8 (n=208) | 94.6 ± 10.8 (n=314) | |||
T-score at calcaneus bone | -2.07 ± 1.47 (n=525) | -1.57 ± 1.28 (n=211) | -2.41 ± 1.50 (n=313) | |||
Timed up-and-go test | ||||||
<14 s | 342 (64.7) | 148 (69.8) | 194 (61.2) | |||
≥14 s | 187 (35.4) | 64 (30.2) | 123 (38.8) |
Variables | Public health center examinations | Home examinations | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total(n=524) | Men(n=209) | Women(n=315) | Total(n=165) | Men(n=72) | Women(n=91) | |
Hemoglobin ( g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.3 (n=522) | 14.4 ± 1.2 | 13.1 ± 1.0 (n=313) | 12.7 ± 1.5 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 12.0 ± 1.3 |
Hematocrit (%) | 42.4 ± 3.9 (n=522) | 44.7 ± 3.7 | 40.8 ± 3.2 (n=313) | 40.0 ± 4.6 | 42.5 ± 4.0 | 38.0 ± 4.1 |
Protein (g/dL) | 7.39 ± 0.43 | 7.41 ± 0.43 | 7.37 ± 0.43 | 7.10 ± 0.49 | 7.04 ± 0.48 | 7.15 ± 0.49 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.41 ± 0.23 | 4.41 ± 0.24 | 4.04 ± 0.23 | 4.14 ± 0.34 | 4.10 ± 0.32 | 4.18 ± 0.35 |
Total bilirubin (g/dL) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.80) | 0.70 (0.57, 0.92) | 0.60 (0.51, 0.73) | 0.49 (0.38, 0.70) | 0.55 (0.43, 0.78) | 0.45 (0.36, 0.61) |
Aspartate amiotansferase (U/L) | 26 (23, 30) | 27 (23, 32) | 25 (22, 29) | 26 (22, 31) | 27 (24, 32) | 25 (21, 29) |
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 20 (16, 27) | 22 (17, 29) | 19 (16, 26) | 19 (14, 24) | 20 (17, 26) | 16 (13, 21) |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 15.3 (12.8, 18.1) | 16.0 (13.5, 18.7) | 14.8 (12.4, 17.6) | 17.9 (14.7, 22.5) | 19.3 (15.0, 22.5) | 17.9 (14.4, 22.8) |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.06) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.95) | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.26) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.11) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 89 (83, 97) | 91 (84, 101) | 88 (83, 94) | 99 (79, 125) | 97 (78, 127) | 103 (79, 125) |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 6.9 (5.6, 8.9) | 6.5 (5.1, 8.4) | 7.3 (6.0, 9.3) | 15.4 (8.2, 28.7) | 15.2 (8.6, 25.1) | 15.5 (7.8, 31.7) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 183 (160, 209) | 173 (151, 194) | 192 (16, 214) | 165 (144, 197) | 161 (140, 185) | 176 (148, 203) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50 (44, 60) | 50 (43, 57) | 51 (44, 61) | 45 (38, 54) | 44 (37, 52) | 46 (38, 54) |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 139 (104, 87) | 135 (99, 185) | 141 (105, 189) | 132 (97, 190) | 114 (92, 177) | 134 (102, 197) |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.87 (0.50, 1.79) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.55) | 0.79 (0.45, 1.45) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.57) | 0.78 (0.37, 2.50) | 0.68 (0.35, 1.25) |
MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Not available for home health examinations.
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or mumber (%). Social network characteristics were available for 643 people (270 males and 373 females). In-degree centrality indicates the number of people who chose the respondent as their social partner; Out-degree centrality indicates the number of people the respondent indicated as social partners; Communication density indicates the proportion of all possible pairs of social ties those who reported ever talking to each other; Friendship density indicates the proportion of all possible pairs of social ties those who reported feeling close to each one another.
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). BP, blood pressure.
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or median (25th-75th percentiles). HDL, high-density lipoprotein.