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1Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
© 2023, Korean Society of Epidemiology
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics | Total (n=9,275) | Anti-inflammatory diet (n=4,496) | Pro-inflammatory diet (n=4,779) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 4,584 (49.4) | 2,638 (59.4) | 1,946 (38.0) | |
Female | 4,691 (50.6) | 1,858 (40.6) | 2,833 (62.0) | |
Race | ||||
Non-Hispanic White | 4,736 (73.3) | 2,546 (77.8) | 2,190 (68.3) | |
Other race | 4,539 (26.7) | 1,950 (22.2) | 2,589 (31.7) | |
Age (yr) | 45 (33, 59) | 45 (34, 58) | 45 (31, 60) | |
Age group (yr) | ||||
20-39 | 3,237 (38.9) | 1,610 (37.7) | 1,627 (40.2) | |
40-64 | 3,774 (44.3) | 1,896 (46.9) | 1,878 (41.4) | |
≥65 | 2,264 (16.8) | 990 (15.4) | 1,274 (18.4) | |
Educational level | ||||
Under high school | 2,633 (18.3) | 971 (13.3) | 1,662 (24.0) | |
High school | 2,219 (25.0) | 989 (21.7) | 1,230 (28.7) | |
College degree or above | 4,423 (56.7) | 2,536 (65.1) | 1,887 (47.3) | |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 3.11 (1.58, 5.00) | 3.65 (2.04, 5.00) | 2.40 (1.27, 4.20) | |
Physical exercise | ||||
Inactive | 4,465 (42.0) | 1,934 (38.3) | 2,531 (46.3) | |
Moderate | 2,486 (28.6) | 1,266 (28.9) | 1,220 (28.2) | |
Vigorous | 2,324 (29.4) | 1,296 (32.8) | 1,028 (25.4) | |
Smoking status | ||||
Non-smoker | 4,810 (50.7) | 2,401 (52.8) | 2,409 (48.4) | |
Former smoker | 2,493 (26.2) | 1,311 (29.1) | 1,182 (22.9) | |
Current smoker | 1,972 (23.1) | 784 (18.1) | 1,188 (28.8) | |
Drinking status | ||||
Non-drinker | 1,230 (10.4) | 454 (7.7) | 776 (13.6) | |
Former drinker | 3,596 (41.3) | 1,814 (43.0) | 1,782 (39.3) | |
Current drinker | 4,449 (48.3) | 2,228 (49.4) | 2,221 (47.1) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.35 (23.91, 31.77) | 26.94 (23.75, 31.04) | 27.80 (24.05, 32.55) | |
BMI group | ||||
Underweight and healthy weight | 2,767 (33.2) | 1,423 (35.0) | 1,344 (31.1) | |
Overweight | 3,237 (33.2) | 161 8(34.3) | 1,619 (32.1) | |
Obese | 3,271 (33.6) | 1,455 (30.7) | 1,816 (36.8) | |
Energy intake (kcal) | 2,034.0 (1,551.5, 2,644.5) | 2,449.0 (1,983.0, 3,075.0) | 1,608.5 (1,289.2, 2,030.0) | |
PhenoAge (yr) | 39.04 (25.92, 53.49) | 38.60 (26.28, 51.65) | 39.76 (25.67, 55.61) |
Variables | β (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
Dietary inflammation | ||
Anti-inflammation | Reference | |
Pro-inflammation | 1.37 (0.29, 2.46) | 0.014 |
Sex | ||
Female | Reference | |
Male | -0.82 (-1.83, 0.18) | 0.107 |
Race | ||
Non-Hispanic White | Reference | |
Other race | -5.37 (-4.14, -6.59) | <0.001 |
Age (yr) | 1.06 (1.05, 1.07) | <0.001 |
Age group (yr) | ||
20-39 | Reference | |
40-64 | 22.29 (21.60, 22.99) | <0.001 |
≥65 | 46.55 (45.84, 47.26) | <0.001 |
Educational level | ||
Under high school | Reference | |
High school | -1.62 (-3.68, 0.44) | 0.121 |
College or above | -5.37 (-7.09, -3.66) | <0.001 |
Ratio of family income to poverty | 0.06 (-0.34, 0.45) | 0.765 |
Physical exercise | ||
Inactive | Reference | |
Moderate | -1.83 (-3.04, -0.62) | 0.004 |
Vigorous | -10.22 (-11.46, -8.98) | <0.001 |
Smoking status | ||
Non-smoker | Reference | |
Former smoker | 10.52 (9.20, 11.84) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | -0.65 (-2.06, 0.76) | 0.363 |
Drinking status | ||
Non-drinker | Reference | |
Former drinker | -3.83 (-6.04, -1.63) | 0.001 |
Current drinker | -4.85 (-7.15, -2.55) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.51 (0.43, 0.58) | <0.001 |
BMI group | ||
Underweight and healthy weight | Reference | |
Overweight | 6.38 (5.19, 7.57) | <0.001 |
Obese | 8.30 (7.11, 9.50) | <0.001 |
Energy intake | -0.00 (-0.00, -0.00) | <0.001 |
Variables | No. of events | Model I | Model II | Model III |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dietary inflammation | ||||
Anti-inflammation | 4,496 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Pro-inflammation | 4,779 | 1.78 (1.43, 2.14) | 1.38 (1.05, 1.71) | 0.73 (0.31, 1.14) |
Values are presented as median (percentile 25, percentile 75) or number (%). NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; PhenoAge, phenotypic age.
NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.
Values are presented as β (95% confidence interval). NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index. Model I: adjusted for age (years) and sex (male, female); Model II: adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), race (non-Hispanic White, other), and BMI (kg/m2); Model III: adjusted for age (years), sex (male, female), race (non-Hispanic White, other), BMI, energy intake (kcal), smoking status (non-smoker, current smoker, former smoker), drinking status (non-drinker, current drinker, former drinker), physical exercise (inactive, moderate, vigorous), educational level (under high school, high school, college or above), and ratio of family income to the poverty threshold.