Abstract
-
OBJECTIVES
- Diabetes self-management education (DSME) programs are a strategy to maintain healthy behaviors. Nevertheless, limited evidence has been reported from systematic evaluations of the effects of DSME integrated with peer support on glycemic control. This study aimed to review the effectiveness of DSME interventions integrated with peer support on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
-
METHODS
- A systematic search was carried out in electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for English-language articles published from 2005 until 2020. The effect size was estimated as the standard mean difference (SMD). The Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool was employed to assess the risk of bias.
-
RESULTS
- Twelve studies were included in this study. DSME integrated with peer support effectively reduced glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, with a statistically significant effect (SMD, -0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.69 to -0.13; p<0.001). Programs with a sample size <100 (SMD, -0.45; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.11; p=0.009), duration of intervention ≤6 months (SMD, -0.52; 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.07; p=0.020), baseline HbA1c <8.5% (SMD, -0.42; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.07; p=0.020), delivery by group (SMD, -0.28; 95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06; p=0.010), and high frequency of contact (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI, -0.48 to -0.10; p=0.003) had statistically significant effects on reducing HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.
-
CONCLUSIONS
- DSME integrated with peer support effectively enhances glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Programs with smaller participants groups, shorter interventions, weekly meetings, and closer group sessions improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
-
Keywords: Peer support, Randomized controlled trial, Type 2 diabetes, Meta-analysis
INTRODUCTION
- The prevalence of diabetes has dramatically grown in all regions and countries worldwide, with increases of 2-4% per year. The global prevalence of diabetes in 2019 was estimated to be 9.3% (463 million individuals), and is anticipated to grow to 10.2% (578 million) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045. Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of patients with diabetes [1]; in addition to its high prevalence and incidence, the serious complications and increased mortality associated with type 2 diabetes have made it a major healthcare problem in all nations [2].
- Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease, the major characteristic of which is hyperglycemia [3]. Severe hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to chronic and acute complications [4]. Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and hypoglycemia, while chronic complications can be microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) or macrovascular (peripheral arterial disease, stroke, ischemic heart disease) [3].
- Patients with type 2 diabetes need complex care to control acute complications and reduce their risk of long-term complications. Patients with type 2 diabetes require not only ongoing medical care, but also diabetes self-management, which patients must do themselves. Effective glycemic control is a vital component of the management of patients with type 2 diabetes. A healthy lifestyle, appropriate diet, and medication adherence are essential factors for good glycemic control [5].
- The American Diabetes Association has recommended glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as the established standard measurement for assessing glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. Following the guidelines, an HbA1c level of around 7% indicates good glycemic control [2]. HbA1c reflects glycemic control over the past 2 months or 3 months, and it is broadly used as a reference for the prognosis, diagnosis, and therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) [6].
- However, many patients with diabetes fail to reach glycemic control targets due to the complex nature of type 2 diabetes self-management. Hence, patients with diabetes need self-management education to assist them in comprehending and dealing with the disease. Diabetes education about health behaviors, including diet, medication adherence, blood glucose self-monitoring, and physical activity, is essential for successful diabetes management [7].
- Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a strategy used to optimize glycemic control by educating people about self-management and helping people to maintain healthy behaviors. DSME encourages patients to acquire the information, abilities, and capacities necessary for diabetes self-care [8]. DSME programs are also effective for preventing the complications of diabetes and enhancing health outcomes in patients with diabetes. Previous systematic reviews have reported that DSME programs were effective for diabetes outcomes, including glycemic control, knowledge of diabetes, self-management skills, and self-efficacy [9,10].
- DSME is vital for diabetes self-management, but sustaining appropriate behaviors is also required to maintain patient self-management in an ongoing program. In this regard, peer support may be a critical way to provide successful diabetes self-management [11,12]. Peer support in diabetes self-management allows patients to engage in mutual knowledge-sharing, collaborative problem-solving, and emotional support for the stresses of dealing with type 2 diabetes.
- However, although the benefits of DSME have been discussed [13,14], to the best of the authors’ knowledge, few meta-analyses have explicitly investigated peer support in the literature on DSME. Hence, this meta-analysis aimed to investigate DSME interventions integrated with and focused on peer support as an essential component of diabetes self-management and to examine the effect of DSME interventions integrated with peer support on enhancing glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
- A meta-analysis was conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing peer support integrated with DSME with usual care or less intense self-management interventions. This meta-analysis was reported in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline [15].
- Search strategy
- A comprehensive search was conducted to find relevant English-language articles from electronic databases and the gray literature published between 2005 and 2020. Electronic databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar were utilized to search for relevant articles. Literature searches were carried out to identify studies investigating the effects of peer support integrated with a DSME program on enhancing glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM. An initial search was performed based on the PICO (participants, comparison, intervention, and outcomes) framework and key terms. The following key terms were used: “type 2 diabetes”[MeSH] OR “type 2 diabetes mellitus”[tiab] AND “diabetes self-management education”[tw] OR “DSME”[tw] AND “peer”[tiab] AND “peer support”[tiab] AND “peer group”[tw] AND “glycosylated hemoglobin”[MeSH] OR “HbA1c”[tw] AND “glycemic control”[tw]. In addition, publications from non-profit organizations, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, and American Diabetes Association, were employed to search the gray literature.
- Inclusion and exclusion criteria
- In this study, the inclusion criteria were RCTs including individuals with type 2 diabetes that used DSME integrated with peer support as an intervention program. Studies were included if they were non-RCTs, did not use DSME as intervention, did not include a peer support component, had an inappropriate population, or did not measure HbA1c as the outcome.
- Study selection
- A screening process was independently conducted by 2 authors (BM and DGT). In the first stage, reviewers independently extracted information from potentially relevant titles and abstracts. The screened studies were then included in the second stage for a full-text review. Again, independently, the 2 authors read and evaluated the full-text articles based on predefined exclusion and inclusion criteria. Finally, the 2 authors compared the results, and any differences were resolved by reaching a consensus. Through this process, articles qualifying for the meta-analysis were included.
- Extraction of data
- Two authors independently (AA and BM) extracted data from the included articles into a structured table. The extracted data consisted of the first author, year of publication, study design, settings, country, duration of diabetes, mean participant age, sample size, and HbA1c level at baseline and end of the study. Additionally, information was recorded on the intervention characteristics, including the type of enrollment criteria for peers, peer support, training for peers, frequency of contact, mode of delivery, number of contact hours per session, duration of the intervention, and definitions of the intervention and control groups.
- Bias and quality assessment
- This study used the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies by 2 authors independently (BM and DGT). The risk of bias was examined using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias tool in terms of the following criteria: allocation concealment (selection bias), random sequence generation (selection bias), blinding participants and personnel (performance bias), incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias), selective reporting of outcomes (reporting bias), and other biases [16]. The risk of bias for each domain was rated as high, low, or unclear.
- Statistical analysis
- By utilizing Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, London, UK) and Stata version 16 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA), statistical analyses were performed to investigate the effects of interventions on glycemic control. The extracted data, including the number of participants, mean, and standard deviation, were entered into RevMan. The effect size was calculated as the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and a 2-sided p-value less than 0.05 signifying a statistically significant difference between groups. The pooled SMD was utilized to estimate the effect of peer support integrated with DSME on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
- The heterogeneity between studies was measured statistically by using the intuitive index (I2), which reflects the total variation across studies (described as a percentage) because of heterogeneity instead of sampling error [17]. An I2 value of more than 50% indicates substantial heterogeneity [18]. Random-effect analysis models are used if heterogeneity is detected by an I2 value more than 50% [19]. Publication bias was assessed by the Begg and Egger tests [20,21], as well as the funnel plot asymmetry test. A symmetrically distributed shape of a funnel plot indicates no potential publication bias; otherwise, an asymmetrical shape of a funnel plot signifies potential publication bias [22]. Potential publication bias was identified statistically if both the Begg and Egger tests had p-values less than 0.05.
- In order to provide more detailed results, the authors performed subgroup analyses on the basis of the studies’ characteristics. The following subgroups were included: (1) sample size, divided into < 100 or ≥ 100; (2) intervention duration, divided into ≤6 months or >6 months; (3) baseline HbA1c (<8.5 or ≥8.5%); (4) the type of intervention delivery, divided into the individual, group, and combinations of individual and group interventions; and (5) the frequency of contacts, divided into low (less than 1 contact per month), moderate (1 or 2 contacts per month), and high (more than 2 contacts in a month).
- Ethics statement
- This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
RESULTS
- In total, 820 published articles were collected from online databases, including PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. All articles were published between 2005 to 2020. After deleting duplicates, 784 abstracts were obtained. After the review of abstracts, 42 articles were chosen for full-text review. Thirty articles were excluded for various reasons, such as the intervention not meeting the established criteria for DSME, not including peer support components, having an inappropriate population (e.g., type 1 DM), not having a RCT design, and not measuring the outcome of interest. Twelve articles were selected for the qualitative synthesis, and 12 articles were eligible according to the inclusion criteria [23-34]. Figure 1 presents the PRISMA flowchart of the article selection process.
- Characteristics of the included studies
- The characteristics of the included studies can be found in Table 1. Data were extracted on the author, year of publication, country, study design, setting, age, sample size, HbA1c levels, type of peer support, type of delivery, frequency of contact, and duration of intervention. Five studies were carried out in the United States and 1 each in Vietnam, China, Jamaica, the Philippines, Australia, Canada, and Hong Kong. Overall, 1,896 participants were included in this study from all articles. The sample size of studies ranged from 31 to 159. The mean HbA1c levels at baseline ranged from 6.3% to 10.5%. Meanwhile, the mean HbA1c levels after the intervention fluctuated from 6.4% to 9.7%.
- Bias and quality of the included studies
- Because of random sequence generation, 6 studies had a low risk of selection bias, while the risk of bias was unclear for 6 studies. Regarding concealment of allocation, 3 studies described a high risk of bias, 1 study had a low risk of bias, and 8 studies did not describe allocation concealment. The risk of performance bias because of blinding of personnel and participants was high for 4 studies and low for 3 studies, whereas 5 studies did not explain the blinding of personnel and participants. Two studies had a high risk of detection bias based on their description of the blinding of outcome assessment, 3 studies had a low risk of bias, and 7 studies did not describe this process. There was a low risk of attrition bias due to incomplete outcome data in 8 studies, 3 studies did not describe incomplete outcomes, and only 1 study described a high risk of bias. All 12 studies had a low risk of bias for selective reporting. In terms of other sources of bias, 4 studies had a high risk based on their descriptions, 7 studies did not contain a relevant description, and 1 study had a low risk of other bias (Supplementary Material 1). The overall evidence was originally evaluated as highquality. However, due to the heterogeneity of the study findings, the quality of evidence was downgraded from high to moderate.
- Intervention effects on glycemic control
-
Table 2 displays the effect size and 95% CI of the included studies. The peer support programs’ impact on patients’ HbA1c was evaluated in 12 studies. Due to significant heterogeneity, a random-effect model was employed to evaluate possible HbA1c differences between the control and intervention groups. There was a decrease in HbA1c levels in the intervention group compared to the control group. The pooled effect size (SMD) was -0.41 (95% CI, -0.69 to -0.13), and it was statistically significant (p=0.004), favoring peer support over usual care. High and statistically significant heterogeneity was found among the studies in terms of changes in HbA1c (I2 = 88%, p<0.001) (Figure 2). The results of the publication bias assessment showed no statistically publication bias according to the Begg test (p=0.410) and Egger test (p=0.519), and a symmetrical funnel plot indicated no risk of publication bias (Supplementary Material 2).
- Subgroup analysis based on sample size
- A subgroup analysis was performed for sample size (< 100 vs. ≥ 100). The effect size was larger in studies with a sample size < 100 (SMD, -0.45; 95% CI, -0.79 to -0.11) than in those with a sample size ≥ 100 (SMD, -0.33; 95% CI, -0.87 to 0.20), and the effect size was only statistically significant in the smaller studies (p=0.009 vs. p=0.220). The heterogeneity was higher for studies with a sample size ≥ 100 (I2=94%) than in those with a sample size < 100 (I2=84%), and it was statistically significant in both groups (p<0.001 for both). No potential publication bias was detected in studies with a sample size < 100 according to the Begg test (p=0.620) and Egger test (p=0.413) or in those with a sample size ≥ 100 according to the Egger test (p=0.988) and Begg test (p=0.496).
- Subgroup analysis based on duration of intervention
- A subgroup analysis was done for studies with intervention durations of ≤ 6 months and > 6 months. The effect size was larger in studies with a ≤ 6-month intervention duration (SMD, -0.52; 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.07) than in those with a > 6-month duration (SMD, -0.32; 95% CI, -0.71 to 0.08), and it was only statistically significant in the shorter group (p=0.020 vs. p=0.120). The heterogeneity was lower in the studies with a ≤ 6-month intervention duration (I2=89%) than in those with a > 6-month duration of the intervention (I2=90%), and it was statistically significant in both groups (p<0.001 in both). According to the Begg test (p=0.188) and the Egger test (p=0.108) for studies with a ≤ 6-month duration of intervention, no potential publication bias was detected. Likewise, no potential publication bias was detected for studies with a > 6-month duration of intervention according to the Begg test (p=0.573) and the Egger test (p=0.358).
- Subgroup analysis based on the baseline HbA1c level
- A subgroup analysis was conducted for according to the baseline HbA1c level (< 8.5 vs. ≥ 8.5%). There was larger effect size in studies where the participants had a baseline HbA1c level < 8.5% (SMD, -0.42; 95% CI, -0.77 to -0.07) than in those where the participants had baseline HbA1c levels ≥ 8.5% (SMD, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.62 to -0.10); the effect size was statistically significant in both groups (p=0.020 and p=0.006, respectively). There was high and significant heterogeneity in studies with a baseline HbA1c level < 8.5% (I2=91%, p<0.001), while heterogeneity was low and non-significant in studies with a baseline HbA1c ≥ 8.5% (I2=11%, p=0.320). Publication bias was not detected according to the Begg test (p=0.404) or the Egger test (p=0.540) for studies with a baseline HbA1c < 8.5%. No publication bias was detected for studies with a baseline HbA1c ≥ 8.5% according to the Begg test (p=0.601) or the Egger test (p=0.692).
- Subgroup analysis based on the type of intervention delivery
- A subgroup analysis was carried out based on the type of intervention delivery (group or combination of individual and group). There was no subgroup analysis for individual delivery alone because there were no programs with individual delivery alone included in the studies. There were significant differences in the HbA1c level in participants in studies with group delivery (SMD, -0.28; 95% CI, -0.51 to -0.06; p=0.010). The effect size among participants in interventions with a combined delivery was larger than in those with group delivery, but it was not statistically significant (SMD, -0.53; 95% CI, -1.07 to 0.02; p=0.060). The heterogeneity was higher in the studies with a combined delivery (I2=92%) than in the studies with group delivery (I2=70%), and it was statistically significant in both groups (p<0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). Publication bias was not identified by the Begg test (p=0.188) or the Egger test (p=0.072) for the studies with group delivery, and no potential publication bias existed according to the Begg test (p=0.851) or the Egger test (p=0.780) for studies with a combined delivery.
- Subgroup analysis based on the frequency of contact
- A subgroup analysis was conducted on the basis of the frequency of contact (low, moderate, or high). Statistically significant differences existed in HbA1c levels in participants of interventions with high contact frequency (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI, -0.48 to -0.10; p=0.003). In the contrary, no statistically significant differences were found in HbA1c levels in participants of interventions with both low (SMD, -0.53; 95% CI, -1.60 to 0.54; p=0.330) and moderate contact frequency (SMD, -0.65; 95% CI, -1.71 to 0.40; p=0.220). The heterogeneity was high and statistically significant for interventions with both low (I2=98%; p<0.001) and moderate contact frequency (I2=95%; p<0.001) than for those with high contact frequency, although heterogeneity was also significant in the high contact frequency group (I2=52%; p=0.050). There was no potential for publication bias detected in the interventions with moderate contact frequency according to the Begg test (p=0.601) and the Egger test (p=0.494) or for those with high contact frequency according to the Begg test (p=0.652) and the Egger test (p=0.933). In the low contact frequency group, a risk for publication bias was not statistically identified by the Begg test (p=0.317), but a risk was detected by the Egger test (p<0.001). We presented forest plot of subgroup analyses in Supplementary Material 3.
DISCUSSION
- This meta-analysis investigated the effect of peer support integrated with DSME on glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM. A systematic review was conducted of 12 RCTs. Only RCTs were included in this meta-analysis study to ensure high validity of the results. The interventions consisted of peer support integrated with DSME compared to usual or standard care in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study found that peer support integrated with DSME significantly reduced HbA1c levels and improved glycemic control among participants in the intervention groups.
- This meta-analysis also found a significant impact of peer support integrated with DSME on HbA1c. There was a -0.41% (95% CI, -0.69 to -0.13) reduction in HbA1c in people who received peer support integrated with DSME management treatment. The estimated 0.41% improvement in glycemic control indexed by HbA1c was modest. However, the evidence suggests that modest improvements in glycemic control are large enough to generate significant reductions in the risk of developing microvascular or macrovascular complications [35,36]. A similar improvement in glycemic control was seen in another RCT with an educational program for type 2 diabetes [37,38]. The findings of this meta-analysis align with a previous DSME meta-analysis that found a reduction in HbA1c with significant results in patients with diabetes [39]. This study has significant implications for clinical research and practice in diabetes or public health. Glycemic control, as indexed by HbA1c, provides a reliable measure of hyperglycemia. HbA1c is also a significant indicator for predicting future complications [35,40,41].
- Moreover, there was significant and high heterogeneity among the included studies (I2=88%, p<0.001). This high heterogeneity suggests substantial inconsistency in the effects, as reflected by variation in the intervention characteristics. Due to this inconsistency, the quality of evidence was downgraded from high to moderate.
- Subgroup analyses were also performed to scrutinize the effect of peer support integrated with DSME on glycemic control based on intervention characteristics, including sample size (< 100 or ≥ 100), duration of the intervention (≤ 6 or > 6 months), HbA1c at baseline (< 8.5 or ≥ 8.5%), type of intervention delivery (individual, group, or combination), and frequency of contact (low, moderate, or high).
- The subgroup analysis based on sample size showed larger effects (SMD, -0.45) in small studies than in large studies, and the effect in smaller studies was statistically significant (p=0.009). This result is in line with a previous meta-analysis stating that sample size was associated with intervention duration. Smaller studies had shorter interventions, indicating that compact interventions may have a more significant effect [42].
- The analysis of the intervention duration revealed a larger and significant effect in short interventions (SMD, -0.52) than in long interventions. This result is in line with prior evidence. Thus, the evidence suggests that behavioral and educational interventions with a short duration and follow-up are more effective in improving HbA1c levels, medication adherence, healthy diet, and physical activity [43,44].
- The subgroup analysis results based on the baseline HbA1c value showed a significant effect. Interventions where participants’ baseline HbA1c levels were ≤ 8.5% had a larger effect, and it was statistically significant (SMD, -0.42; p=0.020), than those where the baseline HbA1c levels were≥ 8.5%. The evidence suggests that mean values of HbA1c baseline less than 9% are associated with glycemic control enhancement [45]. A higher baseline HbA1c may be correlated with a longer duration of diabetes. A shorter diabetes duration may be associated with a greater effect than a longer diabetes duration, since participants with a longer duration of diabetes may find it more difficult to change.
- The analysis according to the type of intervention delivery revealed that group interventions had a statistically significant effect on HbA1c levels (SMD, -0.28; p=0.010), and this effect was higher than interventions with other types of delivery. This result aligns with a previous meta-analysis showing that group interventions were better at optimizing outcomes for diabetes [44,46].
- Peer support with a high contact frequency showed a statistically significant effect in terms of glycemic control (SMD, -0.29; p=0.003), and the effect size was higher than those of interventions with a low or moderate frequency of contact. This outcome is consistent with those of prior meta-analyses suggesting that a higher frequency of contact or intensity effectively improved glycemic control [42,47]. This finding signifies that peer-support interventions with a high frequency of contact should be implemented in participants with diabetes.
- Strength
- This study has several strengths. Firstly, the PRISMA method was used to conduct a meta-analysis and systematic review. Secondly, a broad search strategy was employed to collect all relevant articles. Thirdly, 2 independent reviewers conducted the review process described in this study. Fourthly, only RCTs were included in this study to ensure high validity. Fifthly, subgroup analyses based on the study characteristics were conducted to identify essential findings.
- Limitation
- There are several limitations of this review. First, this study was limited to only English-language articles; therefore, publication bias may have been an issue even though it was not detected by statistical tests. Moreover, the researchers were not aware of any unpublished articles that fulfilled this study’s criteria. Third, the quality of evidence was downgraded from high to moderate quality due to the high overall heterogeneity. Furthermore, the subgroup analyses were limited to only 5 characteristics, although future research could explore more characteristics, such as the study setting, participants’ education levels and socioeconomic status, the duration of diabetes, and complications of diabetes. Finally, there was a limited number of studies on peer support with DSME programs, meaning that further research is needed for more evidence. In addition, we were unable to evaluate the quality of peer support and intervention programs in each study. Variations may have existed due to potential differences in components of the program such as peer interactions, supervision, and education.
CONCLUSION
- Peer support integrated with DSME effectively enhances glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, interventions with smaller groups, shorter durations, lower HbA1c baseline levels, group sessions, and high frequencies of sessions significantly enhanced glycemic control in patients with type 2 DM.
- Further clinical trials exploring peer support components integrated with DSME in different configurations are needed to obtain more substantial evidence in clinical practice both to find the most effective regimen and to determine the most cost-effective model for patients with type 2 DM. Healthcare providers should design compact intervention programs, involving smaller groups, shorter durations, weekly meetings, and closer group sessions with peer support involvement in order to implement self-management practice and improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Supplementary materials are available at https://www.e-epih.org/.
NOTES
-
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.
-
FUNDING
None.
-
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: AA, BM, RPF, DGT. Data curation: AA, BM. Formal analysis: AA, BM. Funding acquisition: None. Methodology: AA, BM. Project administration: AA, BM, RPF, DGT. Writing – original draft: AA, BM, RPF, DGT. Writing – review & editing: BM, RPF, DGT.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank the authors of the studies included in this meta-analysis.
Figure 1.PRISMA (Preferred Report ing Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) flowchart. DSME, diabetes self-management education; DM, diabetes mellitus; RCT, randomized controlled trial.
Figure 2.Forest plot of the overall included studies. DSME, diabetes self-management education; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval.
Table 1.Characteristics of the included studies
Study |
Country |
Design |
Setting |
Age (yr) |
Baseline sample size
|
End of study sample size
|
HbA1c at baseline, mean±SD
|
HbA1c after intervention, mean±SD
|
Type of delivery |
Frequency of contact |
Duration of intervention (mo) |
IG |
CG |
IG |
CG |
IG |
CG |
IG |
CG |
IG |
CG |
Dang et al., 2013 [23] |
Vietnam |
RCT |
Outpatient clinic |
≥30 |
≥30 |
47 |
50 |
42 |
44 |
7.96±0.67 |
7.85±0.34 |
7.11±0.49 |
7.94±0.43 |
Combined |
Moderate |
6 |
Deng et al., 2016 [24] |
China |
RCT |
Community |
57.5 |
56.3 |
97 |
111 |
97 |
90 |
8.45±0.39 |
8.43±0.47 |
7.85±0.41 |
8.11±0.51 |
Group |
High |
7 |
Less et al., 2011 [34] |
Jamaica |
RCT |
Health centers |
56.6 |
58.6 |
159 |
159 |
158 |
135 |
7.94±2.12 |
8.08±1.98 |
7.08±1.53 |
8.81±1.69 |
Combined |
Low |
12 |
Lorig et al., 2009 [25] |
USA |
RCT |
Community |
67.7 |
65.4 |
186 |
159 |
161 |
133 |
6.70±1.48 |
6.74±1.38 |
6.60±2.47 |
6.57±2.31 |
Group |
Low |
6 |
Paz-Pacheco et al., 2017 [27] |
Philippine |
RCT |
Health center |
57.6 |
56.5 |
85 |
70 |
85 |
70 |
6.35±3.95 |
7.25±3.70 |
6.45±2.7 |
7.60±3.1 |
Group |
High |
6 |
Riddell et al., 2016 [28] |
Australia |
RCT |
Community |
61.3 |
60.5 |
138 |
136 |
113 |
123 |
7.3±1.0 |
7.2±1.3 |
7.3±1.1 |
7.3±1.2 |
Group |
Moderate |
12 |
Siminerio et al., 2013 [29] |
USA |
RCT |
Community |
64.0 |
60.0 |
36 |
32 |
31 |
29 |
8.6±2.4 |
8.7±1.9 |
8.6±1.2 |
8.9±1.2 |
Combined |
Moderate |
6 |
Sinclair et al., 2013 [30] |
USA |
RCT |
Community |
53.0 |
55.0 |
48 |
34 |
34 |
31 |
9.9±2.0 |
9.8±2.2 |
8.2±1.1 |
9.4±2.2 |
Group |
High |
3 |
Tang et al., 2015 [31] |
Canada |
RCT |
Community |
56.7 |
55.9 |
54 |
52 |
34 |
32 |
7.8±2.1 |
8.0±1.6 |
8.3±2.4 |
8.1±2.2 |
Combined |
High |
15 |
Yin et al., 2015 [32] |
Hong Kong |
RCT |
Hospital or community-based clinic |
55.6 |
56.5 |
79 |
60 |
79 |
60 |
7.1±0.3 |
7.1±0.5 |
7.1±1.1 |
7.3±1.1 |
Combined |
High |
6 |
Philis-Tsimikas et al., 2011 [33] |
USA |
RCT |
Community |
52.2 |
49.2 |
104 |
103 |
64 |
81 |
10.5±1.7 |
10.3±1.7 |
9.1±2.0 |
9.7±2.3 |
Group |
High |
10 |
Samuel-Hodge et al., 2009 [26] |
USA |
RCT |
Churches |
57.0 |
61.3 |
117 |
84 |
101 |
69 |
7.7±0.2 |
7.9±0.3 |
7.4±0.1 |
7.7±0.1 |
Combined |
High |
12 |
Table 2.Subgroup analyses
Variables |
No. of studies |
HbA1c, SMD (95% CI) |
p-value |
Heterogeneity
|
Begg test
|
Egger test
|
I2 (%) |
p-value |
p-value |
p-value |
All studies |
12 |
-0.41 (-0.69, -0.13) |
0.004 |
88 |
<0.001 |
0.410 |
0.519 |
Sample size |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<100 |
8 |
-0.45 (-0.79, -0.11) |
0.009 |
84 |
<0.001 |
0.620 |
0.413 |
|
≥100 |
4 |
-0.33 (-0.87, 0.20) |
0.220 |
94 |
<0.001 |
0.496 |
0.988 |
Duration of intervention (mo) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
≤6 |
6 |
-0.52 (-0.96, -0.07) |
0.020 |
89 |
<0.001 |
0.188 |
0.108 |
|
>6 |
6 |
-0.32 (-0.71, 0.08) |
0.120 |
90 |
<0.001 |
0.573 |
0.358 |
Baseline HbA1c (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<8.5 |
9 |
-0.42 (-0.77, -0.07) |
0.020 |
91 |
<0.001 |
0.404 |
0.540 |
|
≥8.5 |
3 |
-0.36 (-0.62, -0.10) |
0.006 |
11 |
0.320 |
0.601 |
0.692 |
Type of intervention delivery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Individual |
0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
|
Group |
6 |
-0.28 (-0.51, -0.06) |
0.010 |
70 |
0.005 |
0.188 |
0.072 |
|
Combined |
6 |
-0.53 (-1.07, 0.02) |
0.060 |
92 |
<0.001 |
0.851 |
0.780 |
Frequency of contact |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Low |
2 |
-0.53 (-1.60, 0.54) |
0.330 |
98 |
<0.001 |
0.317 |
<0.001 |
|
Moderate |
3 |
-0.65 (-1.71, 0.40) |
0.220 |
95 |
<0.001 |
0.601 |
0.494 |
|
High |
7 |
-0.29 (-0.48, -0.10) |
0.003 |
52 |
0.050 |
0.652 |
0.933 |
REFERENCES
- 1. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019;157:107843.ArticlePubMed
- 2. Introduction: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care 2018;41(Suppl 1):S1-S2.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 3. Jiménez PG, Martín-Carmona J, Hernández EL. Diabetes mellitus. Medicine (Barcelona) 2020;13:883-890 (Spanish).Article
- 4. Mata-Cases M, Franch-Nadal J, Gratacòs M, Mauricio D. Therapeutic inertia: still a long way to go that cannot be postponed. Diabetes Spectr 2020;33:50-57.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 5. Khare J, Jindal S. Observational study on effect of lock down due to COVID 19 on glycemic control in patients with diabetes: experience from Central India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020;14:1571-1574.ArticlePMC
- 6. Chehregosha H, Khamseh ME, Malek M, Hosseinpanah F, Ismail-Beigi F. A view beyond HbA1c: role of continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Ther 2019;10:853-863.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 7. Lee AA, Piette JD, Heisler M, Janevic MR, Rosland AM. Diabetes self-management and glycemic control: the role of autonomy support from informal health supporters. Health Psychol 2019;38:122-132.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 8. Powers MA, Bardsley J, Cypress M, Duker P, Funnell MM, Hess Fischl A, et al. Diabetes self-management education and support in type 2 diabetes: a joint position statement of the American Diabetes Association, the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Diabetes Care 2015;38:1372-82.ArticlePubMed
- 9. Gutierrez AP, Fortmann AL, Savin K, Clark TL, Gallo LC. Effectiveness of diabetes self-management education programs for US Latinos at improving emotional distress: a systematic review. Diabetes Educ 2019;45:13-33.ArticlePubMed
- 10. Mikhael EM, Hassali MA, Hussain SA. Effectiveness of diabetes self-management educational programs for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Middle East countries: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020;13:117-138.PubMedPMC
- 11. Aziz Z, Riddell MA, Absetz P, Brand M, Oldenburg B; Australasian Peers for Progress Diabetes Project Investigators. Peer support to improve diabetes care: an implementation evaluation of the Australasian Peers for Progress Diabetes Program. BMC Public Health 2018;18:262.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 12. Peimani M, Monjazebi F, Ghodssi-Ghassemabadi R, Nasli-Esfahani E. A peer support intervention in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Patient Educ Couns 2018;101:460-466.ArticlePubMed
- 13. Werfalli M, Raubenheimer PJ, Engel M, Musekiwa A, Bobrow K, Peer N, et al. The effectiveness of peer and community health worker-led self-management support programs for improving diabetes health-related outcomes in adults in low- and-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2020;9:133.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 14. Pienaar M, Reid M. Self-management in face-to-face peer support for adults with type 2 diabetes living in low- or middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2020;20:1834.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 15. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021;372:n71.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 16. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2011;343:d5928.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 17. Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JP; Cochrane Collaboration, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. London: Cochrane; 2019. p 241-284.
- 18. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557-560.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 19. Dekkers OM. Meta-analysis: key features, potentials and misunderstandings. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018;2:658-663.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 20. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50:1088-1101.ArticlePubMed
- 21. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-634.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 22. Godavitarne C, Robertson A, Ricketts DM, Rogers BA. Understanding and interpreting funnel plots for the clinician. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2018;79:578-583.ArticlePubMed
- 23. Dang TT, Deoisres W, Keeratiyutawong P, Baumann L. Effectiveness of a diabetes self-management support intervention in Vietnamese adults rith type 2 diabetes. J Sci Technol Humanit 2013;11:13-23.
- 24. Deng K, Ren Y, Luo Z, Du K, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Peer support training improved the glycemic control, insulin management, and diabetic behaviors of patients with type 2 diabetes in rural communities of central China: a randomized controlled trial. Med Sci Monit 2016;22:267-275.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 25. Lorig K, Ritter PL, Villa FJ, Armas J. Community-based peer-led diabetes self-management: a randomized trial. Diabetes Educ 2009;35:641-651.ArticlePubMedPDF
- 26. Samuel-Hodge CD, Keyserling TC, Park S, Johnston LF, Gizlice Z, Bangdiwala SI. A randomized trial of a church-based diabetes self-management program for African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ 2009;35:439-454.ArticlePubMed
- 27. Paz-Pacheco E, Sandoval MA, Ardena GJ, Paterno E, Juban N, Lantion-Ang FL, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based diabetes self-management education (DSME) program in a rural agricultural setting. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2017;18:35-49.ArticlePubMed
- 28. Riddell MA, Dunbar JA, Absetz P, Wolfe R, Li H, Brand M, et al. Cardiovascular risk outcome and program evaluation of a cluster randomised controlled trial of a community-based, lay peer led program for people with diabetes. BMC Public Health 2016;16:864.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 29. Siminerio L, Ruppert KM, Gabbay RA. Who can provide diabetes self-management support in primary care? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Educ 2013;39:705-713.ArticlePubMed
- 30. Sinclair KA, Makahi EK, Shea-Solatorio C, Yoshimura SR, Townsend CK, Kaholokula JK. Outcomes from a diabetes self-management intervention for native Hawaiians and Pacific people: partners in care. Ann Behav Med 2013;45:24-32.ArticlePubMed
- 31. Tang TS, Funnell MM, Sinco B, Spencer MS, Heisler M. Peer-led, empowerment-based approach to self-management efforts in diabetes (PLEASED): a randomized controlled trial in an African American community. Ann Fam Med 2015;13(Suppl 1):S27-S35.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 32. Yin J, Wong R, Au S, Chung H, Lau M, Lin L, et al. Effects of providing peer support on diabetes management in people with type 2 diabetes. Ann Fam Med 2015;13(Suppl 1):S42-S49.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 33. Philis-Tsimikas A, Fortmann A, Lleva-Ocana L, Walker C, Gallo LC. Peer-led diabetes education programs in high-risk Mexican Americans improve glycemic control compared with standard approaches: a Project Dulce promotora randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1926-1931.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 34. Less LA, Ragoobirsingh D, Morrison EY, Boyne MS, Anderson-Johnson P. The Jamaican lay facilitators program: a positive impact on glycemic control. Diabetes Manag 2011;1:167-173.Article
- 35. Ikeda M, Shimazawa R. Challenges to hemoglobin A1c as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Gen Fam Med 2019;20:129-138.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 36. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, Horwitch C, Barry MJ, Forciea MA, et al. Hemoglobin A1c targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance statement update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2018;168:569-576.ArticlePubMed
- 37. Debussche X, Besançon S, Balcou-Debussche M, Ferdynus C, Delisle H, Huiart L, et al. Structured peer-led diabetes self-management and support in a low-income country: the ST2EP randomised controlled trial in Mali. PLoS One 2018;13:e0191262.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 38. Hermanns N, Ehrmann D, Schipfer M, Kröger J, Haak T, Kulzer B. The impact of a structured education and treatment programme (FLASH) for people with diabetes using a flash sensor-based glucose monitoring system: results of a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019;150:111-121.ArticlePubMed
- 39. Tay JH, Jiang Y, Hong J, He H, Wang W. Effectiveness of lay-led, group-based self-management interventions to improve glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), self-efficacy, and emergency visit rates among adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2021;113:103779.ArticlePubMed
- 40. Fayyaz B, Rehman HJ, Minn H. Interpretation of hemoglobin A1C in primary care setting. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 2019;9:18-21.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 41. Pantalone KM, Misra-Hebert AD, Hobbs TM, Wells BJ, Kong SX, Chagin K, et al. Effect of glycemic control on the Diabetes Complications Severity Index score and development of complications in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes 2018;10:192-199.ArticlePubMed
- 42. Hildebrand JA, Billimek J, Lee JA, Sorkin DH, Olshansky EF, Clancy SL, et al. Effect of diabetes self-management education on glycemic control in Latino adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Patient Educ Couns 2020;103:266-275.ArticlePubMed
- 43. Lin MY, Weng WS, Apriliyasari RW, Van Truong P, Tsai PS. Effects of patient activation intervention on chronic diseases: a meta-analysis. J Nurs Res 2020;28:e116.ArticlePubMed
- 44. Azami G, Soh KL, Sazlina SG, Salmiah MS, Aazami S. Behavioral interventions to improve self-management in Iranian adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2018;17:365-380.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 45. Cunningham AT, Crittendon DR, White N, Mills GD, Diaz V, LaNoue MD. The effect of diabetes self-management education on HbA1c and quality of life in African-Americans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2018;18:367.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 46. Rawal L, Sahle BW, Smith BJ, Kanda K, Owusu-Addo E, Renzaho AM. Lifestyle interventions for type 2 diabetes management among migrants and ethnic minorities living in industrialized countries: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2021;9:e001924.ArticlePubMedPMC
- 47. De Groot J, Wu D, Flynn D, Robertson D, Grant G, Sun J. Efficacy of telemedicine on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. World J Diabetes 2021;12:170-197.ArticlePubMedPMC
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- The Underutilization of National Diabetes Prevention Program Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: An In-Depth Focus Group Analysis
Priyadharshini Narayanan, Sahitya R. Kothapalli, Harmonie B. Strohl, Linda L. Hill
AJPM Focus.2025; 4(1): 100279. CrossRef - Impact of Diabetes Self-Management Education on A1C Levels Among Black/African Americans: A Systematic Review
Hilda M. Okeyo, Martha Biddle, Lovoria B. Williams
The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care.2024; 50(1): 87. CrossRef - The effects of diabetes clubs on peer-support, disclosure of diabetes status, and sources of information regarding diabetes management: results of a pilot-intervention in rural Vietnam
D.W. Meyrowitsch, N.-A. Thi Dang, T.V. Phong, J. Nielsen, J. Søndergaard, N.D. Cuong, H. Le Minh, T.K.D. Vu, I.C. Bygbjerg, T.M. Gammeltoft, N.D. Thanh
Public Health.2024; 228: 171. CrossRef - Effect of peer support interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Chen Chen, Yuan Zhou, Jia-Yi Xu, Hai-Yan Song, Xu-Wen Yin, Ze-Juan Gu
Patient Education and Counseling.2024; 122: 108172. CrossRef - Prioritizing Patient Experiences in the Management of Diabetes and Its Complications: An Endocrine Society Position Statement
Rita R Kalyani, Myriam Z Allende-Vigo, Kellie J Antinori-Lent, Kelly L Close, Sandeep R Das, Phyllisa Deroze, Steven V Edelman, Nuha A El Sayed, David Kerr, Joshua J Neumiller, Anna Norton
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(5): 1155. CrossRef - Self-help friendliness and cooperation with self-help groups among rehabilitation clinics in Germany (KoReS): a mixed-methods study protocol
Elâ Ziegler, Thea Bartzsch, Alf Trojan, Nicole Usko, Ines Krahn, Sabine Bütow, Christopher Kofahl
BMJ Open.2024; 14(3): e083489. CrossRef - Peer support for adults with type 2 diabetes starting continuous glucose monitoring—An exploratory randomised controlled trial
Nanna Lind, Merete Bechmann Christensen, Dorte Lindqvist Hansen, Ingrid Willaing, Kirsten Nørgaard
Diabetic Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Implementing (and evaluating) peer support with people living with noncommunicable diseases in humanitarian settings
Benjamin Schmid, Carla Njeim, Lavanya Vijayasingham, Leah Anku Sanga, Rima Kighsro Naimi, Fouad M. Fouad, Chaza Akik, Carla Zmeter, Sigiriya Aebischer Perone, Lars Bruun Larsen, Jytte Roswall, Éimhín Ansbro, Pablo Perel
Journal of Migration and Health.2024; 9: 100229. CrossRef - Recent Findings on the Effectiveness of Peer Support for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
James J. Werner, Kelsey Ufholz, Prashant Yamajala
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports.2024; 18(5): 65. CrossRef - Peer support for people living with hepatitis B virus—A foundation for treatment expansion
Louise O. Downs, Kenneth Kabagambe, Sarah Williams, Elizabeth Waddilove, Marion Delphin, Sheila F. Lumley, Richard Ndungutse, Beatrice Kimono, Robert Newton, Joy Ko, Emily Martyn, Jessica Carter, Agnieszka Kemper, Fernando Monteiro, Sive O'Regan, Julian S
Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2024; 31(8): 490. CrossRef - A qualitative study on inner experience of self-management behavior among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes in rural areas
Zi-chen Zhang, Qiu-hui Du, Hong-hong Jia, Yu-min Li, Yu-qin Liu, Shao-bo Li
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Does type 2 diabetes duration influence the effectiveness of an aerobic exercise intervention: Results from the INTENSITY study
Amy M. Thomson, Brittany V. Rioux, Travis J. Hrubeniuk, Danielle R. Bouchard, Martin Sénéchal, Hidetaka Hamasaki
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(6): e0304341. CrossRef - Therapeutic patient education programs on diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Omomene Iwelomen, Jean Toniolo, Pierre-Marie Preux, Pascale Beloni, Francis Xavier Kasujja
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(6): e0299526. CrossRef - Patient-centered care in diabetes care-concepts, relationships and practice
Tsung-Tai Chen, Wei-Chih Su, Mei-I Liu
World Journal of Diabetes.2024; 15(7): 1417. CrossRef - Effectiveness of a health literacy intervention to improve diabetes outcomes in rural family medicine clinics: a randomized pragmatic trial
Laura M. Curtis, Terry C. Davis, Connie L. Arnold, Jennifer M. Gan, Jean C. McSweeney, Scott Hur, Mary J. Kwasny, Michael S. Wolf, Kristie Hadden
Health Literacy and Communication Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Challenges in Insulin Therapy: Perspectives of Malaysian Diabetes Educators
Nur Shazwaniza Yahya, Zamzaliza Abdul Mulud, Ahmad Zamir Che Daud, Fauziah Ahmad
The Open Nursing Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Effectiveness of Multilevel and Multidomain Interventions to Improve Glycemic Control in U.S. Racial and Ethnic Minority Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Eli M. Falk, Erin M. Staab, Amber N. Deckard, Sofia I. Uranga, Nikita C. Thomas, Wen Wan, Andrew J. Karter, Elbert S. Huang, Monica E. Peek, Neda Laiteerapong
Diabetes Care.2024; 47(9): 1704. CrossRef - Factors associated with disease knowledge and attitude among ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes – a multicenter study
Akinniyi A. Aje, Titilayo O. Fakeye
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparative Effects of Diabetes Self‐Management Programs on Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Debby Syahru Romadlon, Yu‐Kang Tu, Yang‐Ching Chen, Faizul Hasan, Rudy Kurniawan, Hsiao‐Yean Chiu
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - A pilot community-based Diabetes Prevention and Management Program for adults with diabetes and prediabetes
Ranjita Misra, Samantha Shawley-Brzoska
Journal of Clinical and Translational Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The current diabetes education experience: Findings of a cross-sectional survey of adults with type 2 diabetes
Kelley M. Baker, Carine M. Nassar, Neelam Baral, Michelle F. Magee
Patient Education and Counseling.2023; 108: 107615. CrossRef - 2023 update on Italian guidelines for the treatment of type 2 diabetes
Edoardo Mannucci, Riccardo Candido, Lina delle Monache, Marco Gallo, Andrea Giaccari, Maria Luisa Masini, Angela Mazzone, Gerardo Medea, Basilio Pintaudi, Giovanni Targher, Marina Trento, Giuseppe Turchetti, Valentina Lorenzoni, Matteo Monami
Acta Diabetologica.2023; 60(8): 1119. CrossRef - Mechanisms Activated in the Interaction between Peer Supporters and Peers: How do the Peer Supporters Perceive and Perform Their Role in an Intervention Targeted Socially Vulnerable People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Realist-Informed Evaluation
Stine Dandanell Garn, Charlotte Glümer, Sarah Fredsted Villadsen, Majken Lillholm Pico, Ulla Christensen, Gianpiero Greco
Health & Social Care in the Community.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef - Fresh Start: A Comprehensive Pilot Produce Prescription Program to Improve Food Literacy and Glycemic Control in Rural, Uninsured Patients
Lauren R. Sastre, Brandon J. Stroud
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Current evidence for designing self-management support for underserved populations: an integrative review using the example of diabetes
Ian Litchfield, Tim Barrett, Julian Hamilton-Shield, Theresa Moore, Parth Narendran, Sabi Redwood, Aidan Searle, Suma Uday, Jess Wheeler, Sheila Greenfield
International Journal for Equity in Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Diabetes care components effectively implemented in the ASEAN health systems: an umbrella review of systematic reviews
Vannarath Te, Sokvy Ma, Ir Por, Wim Van Damme, Edwin Wouters, Josefien van Olmen
BMJ Open.2023; 13(10): e071427. CrossRef - The impact of veteran support and resources for diabetes (iNSPiRED) on diabetes distress: Results from a randomized, parallel-group trial
Mark E. Kunik, Tracy L. Evans, Israel C. Christie, Gala True, Andrea Bradford, Madhuri M. Vasudevan, Natalie E. Hundt
General Hospital Psychiatry.2023; 85: 55. CrossRef - A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a community leader-driven kit-based diabetes self-management education approach in improving diabetes control and care: study protocol for the DElhi Diabetes INTervention Trial (DED
Jitender Nagpal, Swapnil Rawat, Lovely Gupta, Avantika Negi, Divya Shashi Oraon
Trials.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Family doctors’ attitudes toward peer support programs for type 2 diabetes and/or coronary artery disease: an exploratory survey among German practitioners
K. Majjouti, L. Küppers, A. Thielmann, M. Redaélli, F. Vitinius, C. Funke, I. van der Arend, L. Pilic, M. Hessbrügge, S. Stock, B. Weltermann, D. Wild
BMC Primary Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - From clinic to community: A randomized controlled trial of a peer support model for adults with type 2 diabetes from specialty care settings in British Columbia
Tricia S. Tang, Rowshanak Afshar, Thomas Elliott, Jason Kong, Sabrina Gill
Diabetic Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef