General FFQs |
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Long form |
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Malekshah et al., 2006 [13] |
158 |
142 (57 urban, 85 suburban/rural) 49 men, 89 women |
Twelve 24hDR (2 continues days) |
3 macronutrients and FA profile 4 micronutrients (vitamins C, A, E, and beta-carotene) |
No |
For vitamin E (α-tocoferol) intake and serum level |
0.49-0.82 |
0.66-0.89 |
4 FFQ 2 mo apart |
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Mirmiran et al., 2010 [14] |
168 |
132 (61 men, 71 women) 20-70 yr, 1 district in the city of Tehran |
12 d DRd and 6 biomarkers (plasma cholesterol, retinol, beta-carotene, α-tocopherol, urine nitrogen and K) |
3 macronutrients and FA profile, 12 micronutrient (vitamins C, A, D, beta-carotene, B1, B2, folate, Zn, Mg, Ca, P) |
Yes |
Yes |
If significant: 0.33-0.71 |
0.39-0.79 |
2 FFQ 1 yr apart |
Esfahani et al., 2010 [15] |
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Nematy et al., 2013 [16] |
160 |
156 subjects, aged 20-69 yr five major cities of Iran (Tehran, Tabriz, Mashhad, Isfahan, and Shiraz) |
18 DRd (3 consecutive days each, including 1 weekend monthly) |
1 macronutrient (protein) and 4 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, folate, K) |
No |
No |
Only significant for carbohydrate =0.22 |
0.33-0.67 |
2 FFQ 4 mo apart |
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Ebrahimi-Mameghani et al., 2014 [17] |
189 |
30 healthy aged 20-60 yr living in Tabriz, East Azerbaijan |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
0.59-0.60 |
2 FFQs 2 mo apart |
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Malekahmadi et al., 2016 [18] |
89 |
185 elderly people (99 women and 86 men) aged 60-75 yr living in Isfahan |
18 DRd (3 d every 2 mo) |
Zn, selenium, carotenes, vitamins C and E |
Yes |
No |
0.38-0.55 |
0.47-0.58 |
2 FFQs 3 mo apart |
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Bijani et al., 2018 [19] |
138 |
200 men and women aged ≥60 yr |
Two 24hDR |
3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, manganese Mg, Ca, P) |
No |
No |
If significant: men: 0.25-0.53; women: 0.26-0.71 |
- |
- |
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Toorang et al., 2019 [20] |
146 |
244 healthy adults (106 women and 138 men) aged 19-60 yr |
One 24hDR in every season |
3 macronutrients, 16 micronutrients (vitamins A, C, B groups, iron, Zn, cupper, selenium, sodium manganese Mg, Ca, K) |
Yes |
Yes |
Men: 0.13-0.60 |
- |
- |
Women: 0.07-0.58 |
Short form |
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Mohammadifard et al., 2015 [21] |
48 |
264 healthy adults aged ≥ 41 yr old from 3 district central of Iran (Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak) |
Single 24hDR and 2 DRd (including 2 wk days and 1 weekend during a week) |
- |
No |
No |
If significant: 0.24-0.48 |
0.49-0.67 |
2 FFQs 2 wk apart |
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Sharifi et al., 2016 [22] |
61 |
553 pregnant women, aged 18-40 yr (in 3rd trimester) |
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- |
No |
No |
Only content validity was evaluated |
0.51-0.99 |
2 FFQs 2 wk apart (just filled by 20 participants) |
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Nikniaz et al., 2017 [11] |
80 |
180 subjects (93 men and 87 women), aged 15-65 yr |
A single 24hDRs and 2 DRds for 3 non-consecutive days |
3 macronutrients and FA profile, 19 micronutrients (vitamins A, E, C, D, B1, B3, iron, Zn, selenium) |
Yes |
Yes |
Deattenuated correlation coefficients for all items: 0.54 |
Men: 0.43-0.77 |
2 FFQs 1 mo apart |
Women: 0.41-0.71 |
Specialized FFQs: single food groups or nutrients |
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Long form |
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Mohammadifard et al., 2011 [23] |
110 fruits and vegetables |
123 healthy adults in Isfahan |
Two 24hDR and 4 DRds (1 d recall, and 2 d of DRds in fall/winter (cold season) and spring/summer (warm season)) and three plasma biomarkers (vitamin C, retinol and betacarotene) |
3 micronutrients (vitamin C, beta-carotene and retinol) |
Yes |
No |
If significant: 0.26-0.62 |
If significant: 0.32-0.85 |
2 FFQs 6 mo apart |
If NS: 0.16-0.85 |
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Pirouzpanah et al., 2012 [25] |
136 folate, pyridoxine & cobalamin sources |
149 women 30-69 yr of age, diagnosed with malignant breast tumor |
No - biomarker reference method was used |
3 micronutrients (folate, pyridoxine and cobalamin) |
Yes |
For energy and some nutrients |
Folate: 0.61 |
- |
1 FFQ as a reference method |
Pirouzpanah et al., 2014 [28] |
Pyridoxine: 0.51 |
Cobalamin: 0.67 |
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Mohammadifard et al., 2016 [26] |
136 Na containing items (11 groups) |
219 healthy subjects aged≥6 yr |
The validity of FFQ: by twelve 24hDRs (monthly during a year) and 24 hr urine Na excretion |
Na, K and Cr (24 hr urine and spot urine), fasting blood sample: FBG, serum lipids, Na, K and Cr |
NR |
NR |
NR |
NR |
2 FFQs 1 yr apart |
Content validity: by expert panel including 10 nutritionists |
CVI>0.79 for 11 food groups |
Short form |
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Omidvar et al., 2002 [9] |
20 vitamin A sources |
187 healthy women 15-49 yr of age, from urban and rural areas of Marand district in East Azerbaijan. |
2 d 24hDR and biomarker (serum retinol) |
1 micronutrients (vitamin A) |
No |
No |
Serum retinol: 0.20 |
- |
- |
24hDR: NS |
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Zeyninejad et al., 2015 [24] |
56 Ca sources |
184 children aged 9-13 yr (90 girls and 94 boys) |
Five 24hDR over a month period (four week days and one weekend) |
1 micronutrients (Ca) |
No |
- |
0.42 |
0.65 |
2 FFQs 1 mo apart |
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Hadi et al., 2017 [27] |
40 items (gluten containing food items) |
- |
10 expert panelists |
Only content validity was assessed |
No |
No |
CVR=0.69 |
Cronbach’s alpha: panelists=0.76 patients=0.78 |
3 FFQ 1 mo apart |
15 patients with ulcerative colitis |
CVI=0.92 |