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Original Article
Association of insomnia and daytime napping with metabolic syndrome and its components in a Korean population: an analysis of data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
Da-Been Lee, Dae-Wui Yoon, Inkyung Baik
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024031.   Published online February 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024031
  • 13,565 View
  • 145 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We investigated the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the coexistence of insomnia and daytime napping, because limited data have been reported regarding this association.
METHODS
The study population was 8,440 participants aged 40-65 years, who were from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Self-reported information on insomnia symptoms and nap duration was used to define exposure variables. Data on waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), and fasting blood glucose (FBG), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in blood were used to define MetS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to obtain odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the coexistence of insomnia and napping was not significantly associated with MetS. However, the insomnia and non-napping group showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.39) and high BP (OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.49) than the non-insomnia and non-napping group. The combination of non-insomnia and napping and that of insomnia and napping showed higher ORs of high TG (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.29) and high FBG (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14 to 2.21), respectively. In analyses of insomnia symptoms, only the combination of difficulty in maintaining sleep (DMS) and non-napping showed a higher OR for MetS (OR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.52) than the non-DMS and non-napping group.
CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with insomnia, particularly those who do not take naps, were disproportionately likely to have MetS components, especially TG or BP. Information on these variables may help predict individuals’ vulnerability to specific MetS components.
Summary
Korean summary
- 불면증과 대사증후군 구성요소와의 유의한 연관성은 낮잠의 유무에 따라 달라진다.
- 낮잠을 자지 않는 불면증 환자는 대사증후군의 구성요소 중 특히 고중성지방이나 고혈압의 위험성이 높아진다.
Key Message
• The significant association of insomnia with MetS components varies with the presence or absence of napping.
• Individuals with insomnia who do not take naps were likely to have MetS components, especially TG or BP.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, but Not Insomnia Is Associated With Dyslipidaemia in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Participating in ESADA
    Andras Bikov, Sebastien Bailly, Ulla Anttalainen, Tarja Saaresranta, Ozen K. Basoglu, Sophia Schiza, Izolde Bouloukaki, Pawel Sliwinski, Athanasia Pataka, Dries Testelmans, Francesco Fanfulla, Haralampos Gouveris, Ludger Grote, Stefan Mihaicuta
    Journal of Sleep Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
Systematic Review
The prevalence of Q fever in the Eastern Mediterranean region: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Leila Mounesan, Amin Doosti-Irani, Manijeh Yousefi Behzadi
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022097.   Published online October 28, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022097
  • 25,742 View
  • 200 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Q fever, caused by the bacterium, is a major zoonotic disease around the world. This disease is common in the Eastern Mediterranean region; therefore, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis on its prevalence in humans, animals, and ticks in the Eastern Mediterranean region.
METHODS
Major Iranian and international databases were searched from 2000 to 2021. We extracted the prevalence of Q fever in blood samples from animals and milk samples from animals, ticks, and humans as the main outcome. We reported the prevalence of seropositivity and molecular positivity as point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
RESULTS
In this review, 112 papers were identified. The overall seroprevalence of Q fever was 22.4% (95% CI, 19.8 to 25.1). The pooled prevalence of Q fever in ticks was 17.5% (95% CI, -1.3 to 36.4). The prevalence was 25.5% (95% CI, 16.1 to 34.9) in humans. The prevalence of Q fever in animal blood samples from goats, sheep, camels, cattle, cats, dogs, horses, and buffalo were 28.1%, 25.1%, 25.0%, 20.1%, 9.8%, 8.4%, 6.5%, and 6.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the prevalence of Q fever in milk samples of animals was higher in cattle (20.3%) than in sheep (20.0%), goats (16.4%), and camels (3.3%).
CONCLUSIONS
Coxiella burnetii infections are common in humans and in a wide range of animal species, but they are still not recognized in many countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region, thus presenting a significant threat to human and animal health in the region.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) in livestock in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia
    Hassan M. Baroom, Naser A. Alkenani, Bassam O. Al-Johny, Adi A. Almohimeed, Mohammed S. Mohammed, Layla A. Alshehri, Shaker S. Althobaiti, Raga I. Omar, Majed A. Alshaeri, Saleh M. Al-mmaqar
    Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C.2025; 80(5-6): 275.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence and Risk Factors of Coxiellosis at the Human–Animal–Environment Interface in the South Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
    Md Mazharul Islam, Pronesh Dutta, Devendra Bansal, Gyanendra Gongal, Elmoubashar Farag, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, John I. Alawneh, Jane Heller, Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan, Serafeim C. Chaintoutis
    Transboundary and Emerging Diseases.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • One health approach based descriptive study on Coxiella burnetii infections in camels and abattoir workers in the United Arab Emirates
    Mohamud Sheek-Hussein, Aboma Zewude, Aminu S. Abdullahi, Nabeeha Hassan Abdelgaleel, Hassan Zackaria Ali Ishag, Mohd Farouk Yusof, Mohammed Saleh ALBreiki, Asma Mohamed Abdi Shah, Jamila AlNeyadi, Babiker Osman, Amir Abdullah Hassen, Mervat Mari Al Nuaima
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • First Survey on the Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Positive Human Patients from 2015 to 2024 in Sardinia, Italy
    Cinzia Santucciu, Maria Paola Giordo, Antonio Tanda, Giovanna Chessa, Matilde Senes, Gabriella Masu, Giovanna Masala, Valentina Chisu
    Pathogens.2025; 14(8): 790.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Acute Q Fever Among High‐Risk Patients With Fever and Pneumonia Symptoms in Western Iran
    Amjad Ahmadi, Rasool Nasiri Kalmarzi, Behzad Mohsenpour, Parisa Esmaeili, Mina Latifian, Ahmad Ghasemi, Rashid Ramazanzadeh, Himen Salimizand, Daem Roshani, Saber Esameili, Ehsan Mostafavi, Rajib Chowdhury
    Journal of Tropical Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Relationship between Reproductive Performance and the Presence of Antibodies against Coxiellosis in Dairy Farm Milk Tanks in the Northwest of Spain
    Uxía Yáñez, Jacobo Álvarez, Cristina Pisón, Antía Acción, Juan J. Becerra, Antonio Jiménez, Philippe Gisbert, Pedro G. Herradón, Ana I. Peña, Alberto Prieto, José M. Díaz-Cao, Luis A. Quintela
    Animals.2024; 14(3): 367.     CrossRef
  • Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in tick and blood samples from small ruminants in northwest of Iran
    Ahmad Enferadi Ghazanabad, Negin Esfandiari, Mohammadreza Najafi, Shahryar Mehrabi, Saeedeh Sarani, Peyman Khademi, Max Maurin
    Experimental and Applied Acarology.2024; 92(3): 529.     CrossRef
  • Global and regional seroprevalence of coxiellosis in small ruminants: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
    Md Ahaduzzaman, Md Moktadir Billah Reza
    Veterinary Medicine and Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Two Cases of Acute Q Fever Diagnosed by mNGS and Literature Review
    娇 罗
    Advances in Clinical Medicine.2023; 13(07): 12005.     CrossRef
  • Zoonotic diseases transmitted from the camels
    Abdelmalik Ibrahim Khalafalla
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Q fever and coxiellosis: implications for livestock and human health in the UK
    Nick Wheelhouse, Richard Vazquez, Lorenzo Viora, Jo E. B. Halliday
    Livestock.2023; 28(5): 221.     CrossRef
Review
Epidemiology of myocardial infarction in Korea: hospitalization incidence, prevalence, and mortality
Rock Bum Kim, Jang-Rak Kim, Jin Yong Hwang
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022057.   Published online July 12, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022057
  • 29,972 View
  • 624 Download
  • 25 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
Few studies have comprehensively presented epidemiological indicators of myocardial infarction in Korea. However, multiple published articles and open-source secondary data on the epidemiology of myocardial infarction are now available. This review summarized the hospitalization incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate of myocardial infarction in Korea using articles and open-source data from the Health Insurance Service and the Department of Statistics, surveys of sample populations, registries of patients, and other sources. The epidemiological indicators of myocardial infarction were compared between Korea and other high-income countries. The incidence of hospitalization due to myocardial infarction in Korea was 43.2 cases per 100,000 population in 2016 and has consistently increased since 2011. It was 2.4 times higher among men than among women. The estimated prevalence among adults over 30 years of age ranged from 0.34% to 0.70% in 2020; it was higher among men and increased with age. The mortality in 2020, which was 19.3 per 100,000 population in 2020, remained relatively stable in recent years. Mortality was higher among men than among women. Based on representative inpatient registry data, the proportion of ST-elevated myocardial infarction decreased until recently, and the median time from symptom onset to hospital arrival was approximately 2 hours and 30 minutes. The hospitalization incidence, prevalence, and mortality rate of myocardial infarction were lower in Korea than in other countries, although there was an increasing trend. Comprehensive national-level support and surveillance systems are needed to routinely collect accurate epidemiological indicators.
Summary
Korean summary
○우리나라의 심근경색증 발생률은 2016년 기준 인구 10만명 당 43.2명으로 추정되며 2011년 이후 증가하고 있음. ○ 30세 이상 인구에서 심근경색증 유병률은 0.34% (건강보험청구데이터) 또는 1.0% (국민건강영양조사)로 추정됨. ○ 전체인구에서 심근경색증으로 인한 사망률은 2019년 인구 10만명 당 18.8명으로 최근 큰 변화가 없거나 약간 감소하는 추세임.
Key Message
This review article showed the hospitalized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and features on patient registry of myocardial infarction in Korea from published articles and opened data sources.

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  • A brief report of the economic burden and epidemiological finding of suicide attempts among the older adults in Korea from 2007 to 2021
    Seoyoon Lee, Hyung Eun Shin, Rugyeom Lee, Sooyeon Jo, Seung Cheor Lee, Hyeon-Kyoung Cheong, Yong Joo Rhee, In-Hwan Oh
    BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Su-Jin Lee, Jong-Yeon Kim
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2025; 50(1): 57.     CrossRef
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    Junhee Park, Kyungdo Han, Kyuna Lee, Yoosoo Chang, Dong Wook Shin
    Healthcare.2025; 13(7): 796.     CrossRef
  • Determining the biomarkers and pathogenesis of myocardial infarction combined with ankylosing spondylitis via a systems biology approach
    Chunying Liu, Chengfei Peng, Xiaodong Jia, Chenghui Yan, Dan Liu, Xiaolin Zhang, Haixu Song, Yaling Han
    Frontiers of Medicine.2025; 19(3): 507.     CrossRef
  • Network Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Diet on Stroke or Myocardial Infarction Using Gaussian Graphical Model
    Jaca Maison Lailo, Jiae Shin, Giulia Menichetti, Sang-Ah Lee
    Nutrients.2025; 17(10): 1605.     CrossRef
  • Adherence to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation and related factors in STEMI after PCI in China: a sequential explanatory mixed method study protocol
    Wenjie Zhang, Hongjin Wang, Peiru Li, Beibei Wu, Xiaodong Wang
    Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long‐term risk of major cardiac events in breast cancer patients treated with intensity‐modulated and 3‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy: Secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial
    Nam Kyu Kang, Kyu Hye Choi, Jae Uk Jeong, Sung Ja Ahn, Mina Yu, Jin Hee Kim, Bae Kwon Jeong, Han Byul Kang, Hyo Chun Lee, Jong Hoon Lee
    International Journal of Cancer.2025; 157(7): 1395.     CrossRef
  • Impact of myocardial revascularization surgery on the plasma metabolome
    Felipe Fernandes Pires Barbosa, Marco Antonio Coral Pinto, Álex Ap. Rosini Silva, Luisa Oliveira Messias, Vanessa Bertolucci, Pedro Paulo Menezes Scariot, Lucas Miguel de Carvalho, José Geraldo Cardoso Junior, Andréia de Melo Porcari, Leonardo Henrique Da
    Metabolomics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction in the Russian Federation and abroad from 2017 to 2024
    Marina M. Petrova, Alena R. Anokhina, Sergey A. Ustyugov, Darya S. Kaskaeva, Aleksandr A. Evsyukov, Natalia A. Schneider
    CardioSomatics.2025; 16(3): 263.     CrossRef
  • Modelling excess mortality from non-communicable diseases during wartime: application to the Gaza Strip, occupied Palestinian territories
    Hanan Abukmail, Zhixi Chen, Zeina Jamaluddine, Sarah Aly, Takeru Igusa, Paul B. Spiegel, Francesco Checchi
    Population Health Metrics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between healthcare utilization patterns and long-term all-cause mortality after acute myocardial infarction discharge in South Korea
    Ji-Woong Nam, Woo-Ri Lee, Gi-Hyun Kim, Kyung-min Lee, Young-Joo Won, Ki-Bong Yoo
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prognostic role of sarcopenia on major adverse cardiac events among patients who underwent successful percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort study
    Mi Hwa Won, Kyeong Ho Yun, Heeseon Kim, Youn-Jung Son
    European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing.2024; 23(3): 287.     CrossRef
  • Impact of Nontreatment Duration and Keratopathy on Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Fabry Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study
    Aram Yang, Sinae Kim, Yong Jun Choi
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(2): 479.     CrossRef
  • Investigation of the Therapeutic Potential of Organic Nitrates in Mortality Reduction Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Hyperlipidemia Patients: A Population-Based Cohort Study
    An-Sheng Lee, Chung-Lieh Hung, Thung-Shen Lai, Ching-Hu Chung
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(1): 124.     CrossRef
  • Cardiovascular, Neurological, and Immunological Adverse Events and the 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine
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    The Korean Journal of Medicine.2024; 99(2): 57.     CrossRef
  • Prognostic Implications of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
    Chang Hoon Kim, Seung Hun Lee, Hyun Kuk Kim, Min Chul Kim, Ju Han Kim, Young Joon Hong, Young Keun Ahn, Myung Ho Jeong, Seung Ho Hur, Doo Il Kim, Kiyuk Chang, Hun Sik Park, Jang-Whan Bae, Jin-Ok Jeong, Yong Hwan Park, Kyeong Ho Yun, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Yisik
    Circulation Journal.2024; 88(8): 1237.     CrossRef
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    Sung Soo Kim, Hyun Kuk Kim
    The Korean Journal of Medicine.2024; 99(3): 134.     CrossRef
  • Increased risk of developing cerebro-cardiovascular diseases in police officers: a nationwide retrospective cohort study
    Juyeon Ko, Hyunji Park, Sungha Park, Dae-hee Kim, Jaelim Cho
    Clinical Hypertension.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Mortality and Discharge Outcome in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Study Based on Korean National Hospital Discharge In-Depth Injury Survey Data
    Jieun Hwang, Kyunghee Lee
    Risk Management and Healthcare Policy.2024; Volume 17: 2045.     CrossRef
  • Topical issues of myocardial infarction incidence statistics
    E. P. Kakorina, I. V. Samorodskaya, S. Yu. Martsevich
    Russian Journal of Cardiology.2024; 29(9): 5928.     CrossRef
  • Optimal duration of medical therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction
    Ki Yung Boo, Seung-Jae Joo, Jae-Geun Lee, Joon-Hyouk Choi, Song-Yi Kim, Geum Ko, Hae Eun Yun, Myung Ho Jeong
    Medicine.2024; 103(48): e40697.     CrossRef
  • Fact Sheet on Cardiac Rehabilitation for Cardiovascular Disease in South Korea
    Ki-Hong Kim, Jae-Young Han
    Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.2023; 47(5): 318.     CrossRef
  • Acute myocardial infarction diagnosed in emergency departments: a report from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) of Korea, 2018–2022
    Shin Ahn, Eunsil Ko, Young Sun Ro
    Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2023; 10(S): S42.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiologic trends of patients who visited nationwide emergency departments: a report from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) of Korea, 2018–2022
    Hyun Ho Yoo, Young Sun Ro, Eunsil Ko, Jin-Hee Lee, So-hyun Han, Taerim Kim, Tae Gun Shin, Seongjung Kim, Hansol Chang
    Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2023; 10(S): S1.     CrossRef
  • Impact of statin treatment on cardiovascular events in patients with retinal vein occlusion: a nested case-control study in Korea
    Joonsang Yoo, Joo Youn Shin, Jimin Jeon, Jinkwon Kim
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023035.     CrossRef
  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of the intervention effect of curcumin on rodent models of myocardial infarction
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Original Article
Epidemiological data on nutritional disorders and outcomes in hospitalized Thai children: an analysis of data from the National Health Database 2015-2019
Suchaorn Saengnipanthkul, Jeeraparn Phosuwattanakul, Kaewjai Thepsuthammarat, Nalinee Chongviriyaphan
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022047.   Published online May 16, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022047
  • 20,382 View
  • 337 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is a frequently overlooked health issue. We aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of nutritional disorders in hospitalized Thai children from the National Health Database.
METHODS
Hospitalized children aged 1 month to 18 years diagnosed with nutritional disorders between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed using the National Health Security Office data. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification, nutritional disorders were classified into 3 major forms of malnutrition: undernutrition (E40-E46), overweight and obesity (E66), and micronutrient deficiencies (D50-D53, E50-E56, E58, E60-E61, and E63).
RESULTS
Out of 5,188,033 hospitalized children, malnutrition was identified in 115,254 (2.2%). Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent in 0.21%, 0.27%, and 1.81%, respectively. Among those with micronutrient deficiencies, 95.0% had iron deficiency anemia, 2.2% had vitamin D deficiency, and 0.7% had zinc deficiency. Children aged under 5 years mostly had PEM, followed by iron deficiency anemia. Teenagers commonly had obesity and vitamin D deficiency. Patients with PEM who were admitted with common diseases had significantly longer hospital stays and higher hospital costs and mortality rates than those without PEM.
CONCLUSIONS
Hospitalized children had various nutritional disorders, particularly PEM, which was associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Nutritional screening tools should be utilized for the early detection and treatment of malnutrition. Specific International Classification of Diseases codes for nutritional care services and intervention should be available. Additionally, nutritional interventions should be reimbursed, along with nutritional education and empowerment of healthcare providers, to improve hospital care service and improve patient outcomes.
Summary
Key Message
Malnutrition is common among hospitalized Thai children, particularly protein energy malnutrition; it increases mortality, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs as well as exerts long-term effects on growth and development. Prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing over the past 5 years, the vast majority involved patients 5 – 13 years of age.

Citations

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  • Global prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia among children aged 5–12 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Pattarapan Sukwuttichai, Nattapong Tidwong, Natapohn Chaipichit, Teerapon Dhippayom, Witoo Dilokthornsakul, Piyameth Dilokthornsakul
    Journal of Global Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Suchaorn Saengnipanthkul, Prapassara Sirikarn, Sasupang Musikaboonleart, Ly Cong Tran, Maneerat Puwanant
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    Suchaorn Saengnipanthkul, Chamaiporn Tawiangnan, Prapassara Sirikarn, Sakuntala Supasai, Phanthila Sitthikarnkha, Leelawadee Techasatian, Rattapon Uppala
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  • СКРИНИНГ НУТРИТИВНОГО СТАТУСА ГОСПИТАЛИЗИРОВАННОГО РЕБЕНКА: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
    Анна Никитична Завьялова, Иван Александрович Лисица, Полина Андреевна Панкратова, Ирина Сергеевна Новикова
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COVID-19: Special Article
Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia in Korean adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a special report of the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ga Bin Lee, Yoonjung Kim, Suyeon Park, Hyeon Chang Kim, Kyungwon Oh
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022041.   Published online April 25, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022041
  • 31,683 View
  • 706 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We investigated trends in obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the Korean adult population.
METHODS
Data from 60,098 participants in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey between 2011 and 2020 aged ≥19 were used. The age-standardized prevalence and annual percent changes (APCs) were calculated for obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2), hypertension (systolic/diastolic blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg or under treatment), diabetes (hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, physician diagnosis, or under treatment), and hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or under treatment).
RESULTS
Over the past decade (2011-2020), the age-standardized APCs (95% confidence intervals) for obesity, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were 3.0% (2.1 to 3.8), 0.1% (-1.3 to 1.5), 1.5% (-1.0 to 4.0) and 8.0% (5.7 to 10.3), respectively, in men; and -0.2% (-1.5 to 1.2), -0.5% (-1.9 to 0.9), -0.1% (-2.3 to 2.2) and 5.9% (3.9 to 8.0), respectively, in women. In 2020 compared to the previous 3 years (2017-2019), obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia increased in men (6.0, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.8%p, respectively), but an increase was not apparent in women (2.5, -1.1, 0.8, and 0.7%p, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
An increase in major chronic diseases was observed in Korean adults, especially men, during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the future, effective intervention strategies need to be developed according to the characteristics of the target groups.
Summary
Korean summary
한국인의 비만, 고혈압, 당뇨 및 고지혈증 유병률은 지난 10년간 전반적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히, 코로나 19가 유행한 2020년에 남성의 주요 만성질환 유병률은 지난 3년 평균치와 비교하였을 때 모두 유의하게 증가하였다. 반면, 여성에서 만성질환 유병률의 뚜렷한 증가는 관찰되지 않았다.
Key Message
During COVID-19 pandemic, the overall increase in major chronic diseases was observed in Korean adults, and this trend was prominent in men. Accordingly, target-specific intervention strategies need to be developed to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in the future.

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COVID-19: Original Article
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the community based on participants in the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ah-Ra Kim, Dohsik Minn, Su Hwan Kim, Hyeon Nam Do, Byoungguk Kim, Young Sill Choi, Dong-Hyun Kim, Eun-Jee Oh, Kyungwon Oh, Donghyok Kwon, Jun-Wook Kwon, Sung Soon Kim, June-Woo Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022028.   Published online February 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022028
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is a nationwide cross-sectional surveillance system that assesses the health and nutritional status of the Korean population. To evaluate the occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the community, we investigated the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the sera of KNHANES participants.
METHODS
Subjects were recruited between April 24 and December 12, 2020. In total, 5,284 subjects aged 10-90 years from 17 regions participated. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were screened using the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. Positive samples were verified using 4 different SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays and the plaque reduction neutralizing test. The final seropositivity criteria were a positive screening test and at least 1 positive result from the 5 additional tests.
RESULTS
Almost half (49.2%; 2,600/5,284) of participants were from metropolitan areas, 48.9% were middle-aged (40-69 years), and 20.5% were in their 20s or younger. The seropositivity rate was 0.09% (5/5,284). Three of the 5 antibody-positive subjects had a history of infection, of whom 2 were infected abroad and 1 was infected in a local cluster outbreak.
CONCLUSIONS
The low SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Korea indicates that there have been few coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases due to successful COVID-19 management measures (e.g., diagnostic tests for overseas arrivals, national social distancing, and strict quarantine measures). Moreover, asymptomatic infections were uncommon due to active polymerase chain reaction testing. However, hidden infections may exist in the community, requiring the continuation of quarantine and vaccination measures.
Summary
Korean summary
코로나19에 대한 방역대책 및 예방접종 정책 수립을 위한 과학적 근거를 확보하기 위하여 2020년도 국민건강영양조사(이하 국건영) 참여자 5,284명에 대해 코로나19 항체보유율을 조사함. 그 결과 2020년도 국건영 참여자의 항체양성률은 0.09%(5/5,284)였으며, 이중 확진 이력이 있는 사람은 3명이었음. 따라서 지역사회 미진단 감염자는 2명으로 확인됨. 국내 항체보유율은 해외 사례에 비해 낮으며, 이는 적극적인 방역관리에 따른 것으로 사료되며, 지역사회에 미진단 감염자가 존재함이 확인되어 이들에 대한 철저한 관리가 요구됨.
Key Message
The low SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Korea indicates that there have been few COVID-19 cases due to successful management measures, however, hidden infections may exist in the community, requiring the continuation of quarantine and vaccination measures.

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Original Article
Estimation and change of edentulism among the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018
Na-Hyeon Yu, Ah Ra Shin, Song Vogue Ahn, Keun-Bae Song, Youn-Hee Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021020.   Published online April 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021020
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To estimate the prevalence of edentulism according to the socio-demographic variables of Korean adults between 2007 and 2018 and to analyze the trends.
METHODS
This study was conducted using raw data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2007 to 2018. Edentulism was defined as the absence of upper and lower teeth or the retained root of the missing teeth. To obtain the prevalence of edentulism, complex sample frequency analysis and regression analysis were performed according to the socio-demographic variables to represent the national population. The Korean population structure in 2005 was exploited as a standard population to calculate age-standardized edentulism.
RESULTS
The prevalence of edentulism in 2016-2018 was 9.7% in the Korean elderly, and the change of age-standardized edentulism steadily declined over time from 2007, 12.8%. In particular, it decreased by approximately 20% in the period between 2016 and 2018 compared to that in 2007 for those in their 80s. The trend of the prevalence according to gender decreased significantly in women. According to the level of education, the greatest decrease was seen in the group with the lowest education, although the prevalence itself was higher than that seen in those who were more educated.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of edentulism among the older Korean population has decreased over time. However, the concern is on those with lower education and men as these groups are still at higher risk for edentulism.
Summary
Korean summary
치아상실은 구강건강의 지표로써 현재 국외에서는 무치악 유병률 추이 파악뿐만 아니라 다국 간의 비교가 이루어지고 있지만 아시아의 주요국가 중 하나인 한국의 무치악 유병률 추이에 대해서는 아직 연구되지 않았다. 연구 결과, 2016-2018년 한국 노인의 무치악 유병률은 9.72%였으며, 연령표준화된 무치악 유병률의 변화는 2007 년 12.8 %에서 꾸준히 감소했다. 결론적으로 무치악으로 어려움을 겪을 수 있는 교육수준이 낮은 노인과 남성에 대해선 지속적인 관심이 필요하다.
Key Message
Tooth loss is an indicator of oral health. At present, not only the trend of edentulous prevalence is being identified abroad, but also multi-country comparisons are being made, but the trend of edentulous prevalence in Korea, one of the major Asian countries, has not been studied. As a result of the study, the prevalence of edentulous in Korea in 2016-2018 was 9.72%, and the change in the age-standardized edentulous prevalence steadily decreased from 12.8% in 2007. In conclusion, continuous attention is needed for the elderly and men with low educational standards who may suffer from edentulous.

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Systematic Review
Distribution pattern and prevalence of West Nile virus infection in Nigeria from 1950 to 2020: a systematic review
Idris Nasir Abdullahi, Anthony Uchenna Emeribe, Peter Elisha Ghamba, Pius Omoruyi Omosigho, Zakariyya Muhammad Bello, Bamidele Soji Oderinde, Samuel Ayobami Fasogbon, Lawal Olayemi, Isa Muhammad Daneji, Muhammad Hamis Musa, Justin Onyebuchi Nwofe, Nkechi Blessing Onukegbe, Chukwudi Crescent Okume, Sanusi Musa, Abubakar Muhammad Gwarzo, Odunayo Oyetola Rahmat Ajagbe
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020071.   Published online November 26, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020071
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
West Nile virus (WNV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne viral infection. This study investigated the pooled prevalence pattern and risk factors of WNV infection among humans and animals in Nigeria.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted of eligible studies published in PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science from January 1, 1950 to August 30, 2020. Peer-reviewed cross-sectional studies describing WNV infections in humans and animals were systematically reviewed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Q statistic.
RESULTS
Eighteen out of 432 available search output were eligible and included for this study. Of which 13 and 5 were WNV studies on humans and animals, respectively. Although 61.5% of the human studies had a low risk of bias, they all had high heterogeneity. The South West geopolitical zone of Nigeria had the highest pooled prevalence of anti-WNV immunoglobulin M (IgM; 7.8% in humans). The pooled seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgM and immunoglobulin G (IgG) was 7.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9 to 8.3) and 76.5% (95% CI, 74.0 to 78.8), respectively. The WNV RNA prevalence was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.9), while 14.3% (95% CI, 12.9 to 15.8) had WNV-neutralizing antibodies. In animals, the pooled seroprevalence of anti-WNV IgM and IgG was 90.3% (95% CI, 84.3 to 94.6) and 3.5% (95% CI, 1.9 to 5.8), respectively, while 20.0% (95% CI, 12.9 to 21.4) had WNV-neutralizing antibodies. Age (odds ratio [OR], 3.73; 95% CI, 1.87 to 7.45; p<0.001) and level of education (no formal education: OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 17.2; p<0.05; primary: OR, 7.29; 95% CI, 1.80 to 29.6; p<0.01) were significant risk factors for WNV IgM seropositivity in humans.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study highlight the endemicity of WNV in animals and humans in Nigeria and underscore the need for the One Health prevention and control approach.
Summary

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Original Articles
Diabetes and prediabetes prevalence among young and middle-aged adults in India, with an analysis of geographic differences: findings from the National Family Health Survey
Siddardha G. Chandrupatla, Isma Khalid, Tejdeep Muthuluri, Satyanarayana Dantala, Mary Tavares
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020065.   Published online September 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020065
  • 28,972 View
  • 437 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 18 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to approximate the prevalence of hyperglycemia in India.
METHODS
The study was conducted using the Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16 (also known as the National Family Health Survey-4), which surveyed 811,808 individuals using a stratified, multistage, cluster sampling design. This cross-sectional survey recorded socio-demographic and anthropometric data, including blood glucose levels, of adults aged 18 years to 54 years.
RESULTS
The final analysis included 718,597 individuals, of whom 49.90% (weighted) were males. The overall prevalence of diabetes was 6.65% and that of prediabetes was 5.57%. A positive association was seen with urban residence, geographic region, sex, age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and hypertension. Approximately two-thirds of individuals with diabetes lived in urban areas, and about half of the urban population was considered overweight/obese. South India showed a higher prevalence of diabetes (prevalence ratio, 2.01; p<0.001) than northern India.
CONCLUSIONS
Hyperglycemia (diabetes and prediabetes) has a high prevalence in India and is a major public health issue. Diabetes is unevenly distributed based on geographic location and urbanization. Prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies should consider this uneven distribution of diabetes.
Summary

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An alarmingly high and increasing prevalence of obesity in Jordan
Kamel Ajlouni, Yousef Khader, Anwar Batieha, Hashem Jaddou, Mohammed El-Khateeb
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020040.   Published online June 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020040
  • 26,945 View
  • 235 Download
  • 46 Web of Science
  • 42 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity in Jordan, to assess related trends, and to determine associated factors and comorbidities.
METHODS
A multipurpose national household survey of Jordanian adults was conducted over a 4-month period in 2017. Data were collected using a structured validated questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements including waist circumference (WC; measured midway between the iliac crest and the lower rib margin), body mass index (BMI), hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-height ratio were obtained to categorize participants with regard to overweight and obesity.
RESULTS
This study included 4,056 persons (1,193 men and 2,863 women) aged 18 years to 90 years (mean±standard deviation, 43.8±14.2 years). According to the International Diabetes Federation WC criteria, the age-standardized prevalence of obesity was 60.4% among men and 75.6% among women, while approximately three-quarters of men and women were overweight or obese as defined by BMI. The age-adjusted odds of obesity in 2017 were approximately twice those in 2009 in men (odds ratio [OR], 1.98) and women (OR, 1.96). In the multivariate analysis, age, region of residence, and marital status were significantly associated with obesity in both genders. Obesity was significantly associated with increased odds of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, elevated triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol after adjusting for age.
CONCLUSIONS
The rate of obesity in Jordan is high and increasing, and obesity is associated with other metabolic abnormalities. Well-defined programs to control and prevent obesity, as well as intersectoral action, are urgently required to reverse current trends.
Summary

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Risk factors for low back pain among elementary school students in western Iran using penalized logistic regression
Forouzan Rezapur-Shahkolai, Elham Gheysvandi, Leili Tapak, Iman Dianat, Akram Karimi-Shahanjarini, Rashid Heidarimoghadam
Epidemiol Health. 2020;42:e2020039.   Published online June 2, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2020039
  • 23,729 View
  • 303 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) and its risk factors among elementary-school students.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 693 elementary students from Hamadan city, western Iran, were selected by multistage stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected through interviews using questionnaires. Posture and psychosocial elements were assessed using the observational Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) checklist and the standard Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, respectively. Penalized logistic regression with the group smoothly-clipped absolute deviation regularization method was used for variable selection and data analysis (α=0.05). The chi-square test was also used.
RESULTS
In total, 26.6% of the students (7-12 years old) reported LBP in the last month. Older age (odds ratio [OR], 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80 to 5.26), watching TV for more than 3 hours a day (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.46 to 4.68), very short seat backrests (OR, 3.08; 95% CI, 1.61 to 5.90), excessively curved seat backrests (OR, 4.36; 95% CI, 2.08 to 9.13), very short desks (OR, 3.44; 95% CI, 1.61 to 7.35), a family history of LBP (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.58 to 3.91), carrying a school bag on one shoulder (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.03 to 3.54), and RULA scores of 3 (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.13 to 4.50) or 4 (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.37 to 5.91) were associated with LBP.
CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of LBP was found among elementary-school students. This study underscores the importance of recognizing vulnerable children and teenagers and developing interventional health promotion programs to prevent LBP based on an appropriate consideration of its contributory factors.
Summary

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Reviews
The global prevalence of dental healthcare needs and unmet dental needs among adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mahin Ghafari, Samira Bahadivand-Chegini, Tayebeh Nadi, Amin Doosti-Irani
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019046.   Published online October 27, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019046
  • 28,608 View
  • 267 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Access to dental healthcare services is a major determinant of dental health in communities. This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the global prevalence of dental needs and of unmet dental needs in adolescents.
METHODS
PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in June 2018. The summary measures included the prevalence of met and unmet dental needs. A meta-analysis was performed using the inverse variance method to obtain pooled summary measures. Out of 41,661 retrieved articles, 57 were ultimately included.
RESULTS
The pooled prevalence of orthodontic treatment needs was 46.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.0 to 53.0), that of general treatment needs was 59.0% (95% CI, 42.0 to 75.0), that of periodontal treatment needs was 71.0% (95% CI, 46.0 to 96.0), and that of malocclusion treatment needs was 39.0% (95% CI, 28.0 to 50.0). The pooled prevalence of unmet dental needs was 34.0% (95% CI, 27.0 to 40.0).
CONCLUSIONS
The highest and lowest prevalence of unmet dental needs were found in Southeast Asia and Europe, respectively. The prevalence of dental needs was higher in the countries of the Americas and Europe than in other World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The prevalence of unmet dental needs was higher in Southeast Asia and Africa than in other WHO regions.
Summary

Citations

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    Ana Carla Souza COSTA, Djessyca Miranda e PAULO, Maria Tereza Campos VIDIGAL, Walbert de Andrade VIEIRA, Andres Felipe Millan CARDENAS, Luiz Renato PARANHOS
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    Maria Tereza Campos Vidigal, Caio Melo Mesquita, Murilo Navarro de Oliveira, Walbert de Andrade Vieira, Cauane Blumenberg, Gustavo G Nascimento, Matheus Melo Pithon, Luiz Renato Paranhos
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Meta-analysis of the prevalence of depression among breast cancer survivors in Iran: an urgent need for community supportive care programs
Hassan Ahmadi Gharaei, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Seyyed Mostafa Kouhestani, Mohammad Fararouei, Hossein Moameri, Reza Pakzad, Reza Ghaiasvand
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019030.   Published online July 4, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019030
  • 26,857 View
  • 308 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Depression, which is the most common comorbidity in breast cancer (BC) patients, has adverse effects on patients’ quality of life, disease progress, and survival.
METHODS
The protocol of this study was registered in PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42019121494). We electronically searched published studies through January 2019 with the aim of finding articles that investigated the prevalence of depression among BC survivors. Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were searched to obtain relevant published studies. This review included 14 cross-sectional and 4 cohort studies published from 2000 to 2018. We used a random-effects model to conduct the meta-analysis and generated a summary estimate for the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A subgroup analysis was also conducted based on the depression assessment tool used and the study design.
RESULTS
The total sample size of the studies contained 2,799 women with BC, including 1,228 women who were diagnosed with depression. The pooled prevalence of depression among Iranian women with BC was 46.83% (95% CI, 33.77 to 59.88) with significant heterogeneity (I2 =98.5%; p<0.001). The prevalence of depression ranged from 14.00% (95% CI, 4.91 to 23.09) to 95.90% (95% CI, 91.97 to 99.83). The results of the subgroup analyses suggested that the depression assessment tool, year of publication, and study design were sources of heterogeneity.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate a high prevalence of depression among BC patients, underscoring the urgent need for clinicians and health authorities to provide well-defined social and psychological supportive care programs for these patients.
Summary

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    Nour Ibrahim, Nawal Alsadi, Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi, Roghayeh Shahbazi, Mary Joe Hebbo, Darshan Kambli, Florencia Balcells, Chantal Matar
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Original Article
Trends in the prevalence and management of diabetes in Korea: 2007-2017
Ji-Yeon Shin
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019029.   Published online July 4, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019029
  • 32,621 View
  • 342 Download
  • 48 Web of Science
  • 49 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study analyzed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2007 to 2017 to assess trends in the prevalence, treatment, and control of diabetes in Korean adults ≥30 years of age.
METHODS
Prevalent diabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, self-reported use of anti-diabetic treatment (insulin or oral anti-diabetic drugs), or diabetes diagnosis by a physician. Target levels were defined as glycosylated hemoglobin <6.5% or <7.0%, blood pressure <130/80 mmHg, and total cholesterol <200 mg/dL. All survey waves were age-standardized to the 2005 Korean census population.
RESULTS
Diabetes prevalence increased from 9.6% in 2007-2009 to 10.8% in 2016-2017 (p<0.001). Impaired fasting glucose prevalence significantly increased in both genders and almost every age group. Diabetes awareness and glycemic control did not show an increasing trend; however, the treatment rate and proportion of people diagnosed with diabetes achieving target blood pressure and total cholesterol levels improved from 57.2% to 63.5% (p=0.008), from 41.1% to 53.2% (p<0.001), and from 65.0% to 78.0% (p<0.001), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
From 2007 to 2017, the prevalence of diabetes increased moderately in Korea, whereas the diabetes treatment rate and the proportion of people diagnosed with diabetes achieving target blood pressure and total cholesterol levels improved. However, awareness of diabetes and glycemic control require significant improvements. A national-level action plan is required to raise awareness about diabetes and prediabetes, with the goal of improving glycemic control and minimizing the occurrence of adverse health outcomes.
Summary
Korean summary
지난 2007년-2017년 동안 우리나라 30세 이상 성인의 당뇨병 유병률은 소폭 증가하였으며, 당뇨환자의 치료율, 혈압 조절율, 총콜레스테롤 조절율은 증가 추세를 보였다. 그러나 당뇨병 인지율과 당뇨 환자의 혈당 조절율은 현재의 추세대로라면 Health Plan 2020의 목표치를 달성하기 어려울 것으로 보이며, 개선이 필요하다.

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Review
Freshwater snails as the intermediate host of trematodes in Iran: a systematic review
Samira Dodangeh, Ahmad Daryani, Mehdi Sharif, Shirzad Gholami, Elham Kialashaki, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Shahabeddin Sarvi
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019001.   Published online January 7, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019001
  • 31,993 View
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
Freshwater snails, as the first intermediate hosts of trematodes, can cause health hazards in animals and humans. Recently, the World Health Organization has included Iran in a list of 6 countries known to have serious problems with fascioliasis. In addition, cercarial dermatitis is a job-related disease that is seen often in paddy workers, agricultural labourers, and fishermen in Iran, particularly in Mazandaran Province. Many studies have been conducted in Iran to survey larval trematodes in freshwater snails. However, to the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive data exist regarding infections in gastropods. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the types and prevalence of cercarial infections in snails in Iran. Electronic English-language and Persian-language databases were searched to identify 24 published articles reporting the prevalence of trematode infections in snails (9 species from 6 families) in various provinces of Iran. In total, 4.4% of gastropods were infected with the larval stages of trematodes. According to the studies reviewed in this meta-analysis‚ the highest infection prevalence was found in Radix auricularia (9.9%). Twelve larval species of trematodes were identified, and the highest prevalence of cercariae was found for Echinostomatidae cercariae (4.3%). Among the provinces explored, West Azerbaijan had the highest prevalence of infected snails (16.9%). The presence of trematodes in snails could pose a serious health problem in Iran. Thus, further studies are necessary to characterize these infections in other provinces.
Summary

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Epidemiologic Investigation
A foodborne outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with cross-contamination from squid in Korea
Sun-Wha Jung
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018056.   Published online November 13, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018056
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Water-borne diseases caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus are often known to cause gastritis when raw or undercooked seafood is eaten. It is very rare that Vibrio gastritis caused by ingesting non-seafood products occurs on a large scale. On September 19, 2017, a large-scale Vibrio gastritis occurred after the city residents consumed food at a bazaar held in a welfare center in Jungnang-gu, Seoul.
METHODS
The total number of visitors was approximately 299, and 237 (79.3%) of them showed symptoms. Among those who showed symptoms, 116 (48.9%) consulted the hospital, and 53 (45.6%) were hospitalized. Among the 299 exposed individuals, 174 (58.1%) responded to this survey: 163 (93.6%) with and 11 (6.4%) without symptoms. This study was retrospectively conducted by investigating the exposed individuals. To investigate the spread of infection, medical staff of hospitals in the epidemic area were interviewed, exposed individuals surveyed, microbiological testing conducted, and ingredient handling and cooking processes investigated.
RESULTS
A total of 237 individuals, including 6 food handlers, were affected (prevalence, 79.2%). During the microbiological testing, V. parahemolyticus was found in 34 patients and 4 food handlers. In the consumption analysis, the relative risk of kimbap was 6.79 (confidence interval 1.10 to 41.69). In-depth investigation found that squid, an ingredient of Korean pancake, and egg sheets, an ingredient of kimbap, were prepared using the same cutting board and knife, which were thought to be the cause of cross-contamination that led to a large-scale outbreak of Vibrio gastritis.
CONCLUSIONS
A recent large-scale outbreak of Vibrio gastritis occurred due to the cross-contamination with kimbap during the preparation process of squid rather than the actual consumption of seafood. Thus, a more stringent hygiene management is necessary during the processing and management of food to prevent infections associated with V. parahemolyticus.
Summary
Korean summary
비브리오 장염은 흔히 날 것이나 덜 익힌 해산물을 섭취하였을 경우 잘 생기는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 해산물을 처리하는 과정에서 생긴 교차 감염에 의해서도 비브리오 장염이 생길 수 있으며 이로 인하여 대규모의 유행이 발생할 수 있다. 이에 보다 철저한 위생관리와 교육이 필요하다

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Original Articles
The survival rate of patients with beta-thalassemia major and intermedia and its trends in recent years in Iran
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Hossein Ali Adineh, Iraj Zareban, Mehdi Mohammadi, Mahtab Maghsoodlu
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018048.   Published online October 3, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018048
  • 27,733 View
  • 312 Download
  • 30 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Thalassemia is a common genetic disease in Iran, especially in the north and south of Iran. The present study sought to determine the survival rate of patients with thalassemia in highly endemic regions of Iran and its variation in patients born before and after 1971.
METHODS
The present historical cohort study extracted data from the health records of patients with beta-thalassemia major, beta-thalassemia intermedia, and sickle beta-thalassemia who had presented to thalassemia treatment centers in the past years. The collected data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test, the log-rank test, and the chi-square test.
RESULTS
Of the total of 5,491 medical records (2,647 men and 2,634 women; mean age, 23.81±11.32 years), 3,936 belonged to patients with beta-thalassemia major, and 999 and 89 to patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia and sickle beta-thalassemia, respectively. In 467 cases, the type of thalassemia was not clear. The cumulative survival rate was calculated as 0.92, 0.83, 0.74, and 0.51 by ages 25, 35, 45, and 55, respectively. The hazard ratio of death was 4.22 (p<0.05) for beta-thalassemia major and 0.77 for beta-thalassemia intermedia (p=0.70). It was calculated as 1.45 for men patients and as 3.82 for single patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study showed relatively high survival rates in patients with thalassemia. The survival of patients was unfavorable in poorer regions (Zahedan and Iranshahr). Factors including women gender, a higher level of education, being married, and living in metropolises decreased the risk of death at younger ages and improved survival.
Summary

Citations

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Prevalence of disrespect and abuse of women during child birth and associated factors in Bahir Dar town, Ethiopia
Biresaw Wassihun, Leul Deribe, Nadia Worede, Teklemariam Gultie
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018029.   Published online July 1, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018029
  • 26,272 View
  • 437 Download
  • 48 Web of Science
  • 49 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Disrespect and abuse are an often-unacknowledged cause of maternal mortality and morbidity globally. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of disrespect and abuse of women during childbirth at a health facility in the town of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
METHODS
In this community-based cross-sectional study, 422 mothers were interviewed from March 1 to 30, 2017 using a systematic random sampling technique with the kth value of 23 calculated based on the number of households in each sub-city and the expected sample size from sub-cities. Data were collected using a structured face-to-face interview questionnaire. EpiData version 3.1 was used to code and enter data, which were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each variable, and binary logistic regression analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was carried out to determine the associations between predictor variables and outcome variables.
RESULTS
A total of 410 women participated in the study, with a response rate of 97.2%. The overall prevalence of disrespect and abuse was 67.1% (95% CI, 63.0 to 72.0). Disrespect and abuse were more prevalent in women with a monthly income less than 2,000 Ethiopian birr (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.74; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.80), mothers who stayed in a health facility after delivery (aOR, 5.14; 95% CI, 2.23 to 11.82), those who received care at a governmental hospital (aOR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.15 to 5.40), and those who attended fewer than 4 antenatal care visits (aOR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.15 to 3.40).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of disrespect and abuse was high in this study setting. To decrease the prevalence of this phenomenon, appropriate interventions should be designed, focusing on increasing the number of antenatal care visits, increasing the incomes of mothers, and improving the relationship between health workers and mothers during mothers’ stay at health facilities.
Summary

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Sleep quality and associated factors among the elderly living in rural Chiang Rai, northern Thailand
Weerakorn Thichumpa, Nopporn Howteerakul, Nawarat Suwannapong, Visasiri Tantrakul
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018018.   Published online May 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018018
  • 31,394 View
  • 462 Download
  • 43 Web of Science
  • 58 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of poor sleep quality and to identify associated factors among community-dwelling elderly individuals in northern Thailand.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 266 randomly selected elderly people in a sub-district in rural Chiang Rai Province, northern Thailand. The participants were interviewed using the Thai version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
RESULTS
Roughly 44.0% of the participants had poor sleep quality (PSQI score, >5), 9.4% used sleep medication, 27.1% had poor family relationships, and 12.0% had mild depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that being female (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10 to 3.02), a higher education level (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.34 to 6.86 for primary school; OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.31 to 5.44 for higher than primary school), mild depression (OR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.11 to 6.36), and poor family relationships (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.98 to 6.75) were significantly associated with poor sleep quality.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of poor sleep quality among the elderly was moderately high. Healthcare providers should regularly conduct screenings for sleep quality and depression; provide sleep health education; and conduct interventions to encourage participating in family activities, resolving conflicts, sharing ideas, and making compromises within the family.
Summary

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Review
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in hemodialysis patients in Iran
Masoud Foroutan, Ali Rostami, Hamidreza Majidiani, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Sasan Khazaei, Milad Badri, Elham Yousefi
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018016.   Published online April 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018016
  • 30,107 View
  • 354 Download
  • 42 Web of Science
  • 45 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that occurs worldwide, with a wide range of complications in immunocompromised patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among patients undergoing hemodialysis in Iran.
METHODS
We searched English and Persian databases for studies reporting T. gondii seroprevalence in Iranian hemodialysis patients through December 31, 2017. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied.
RESULTS
A total of 10 studies containing 1,865 participants (1,048 patients and 817 controls) met the eligibility criteria. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against T. gondii were found in 58% (95% confidence interval [CI], 46 to 70) of hemodialysis patients and 40% (95% CI, 31 to 50) of healthy controls, while immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were found in 2% (95% CI, 0 to 6) of hemodialysis patients and 0% (95% CI, 0 to 1) of healthy controls. The meta-analysis showed that hemodialysis patients were significantly more likely to be seropositive for IgG (odds ratio [OR], 2.04; 95% CI, 1.54 to 2.70; p<0.001) and IgM (OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.23 to 5.22; p<0.001) antibodies against T. gondii infection than healthy individuals.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study revealed a high prevalence of T. gondii infection in hemodialysis patients. Since hemodialysis patients are immunocompromised and T. gondii can cause serious clinical complications, we recommend that periodic screenings for T. gondii infection should be incorporated into the routine clinical care of these patients.
Summary

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Original Articles
Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among schoolchildren in northeast Ethiopia
Emebet Tigabu, Kindie Bantie Bekele, Berihun Assefa Dachew
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017055.   Published online November 25, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017055
  • 24,698 View
  • 328 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Goiter is a major public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of goiter among children in Waghimra Zone, northeast Ethiopia.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from April 8 to 25, 2015 in northeast Ethiopia. A multistage sampling method was used to select 454 schoolchildren. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Children were examined for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the United Nations Children’s Fund, International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency, and the World Health Organization. Salt samples from children’s homes were tested for iodine levels using a rapid iodized salt test kit. Data were entered into EpiInfo version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted, and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed to determine the level of significance.
RESULTS
The prevalence of goiter was 62.1% (95% CI, 57.5 to 66.5%). Being female (aOR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.57 to 6.08), having a family history of goiter (aOR, 5.18; 95% CI, 2.43 to 11.03), and using non-iodized salt (aOR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.12 to 4.38) were factors associated with goiter among schoolchildren.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of goiter was high. Being female and having a family history of goiter increased the risk of goiter in children, but using iodized salt was protective. Therefore, we recommend ensuring universal access to iodized salt and increasing the awareness of the community of the importance of iodized salt utilization.
Summary

Citations

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Medication errors among nurses in teaching hospitals in the west of Iran: what we need to know about prevalence, types, and barriers to reporting
Afshin Fathi, Mohammad Hajizadeh, Khalil Moradi, Hamed Zandian, Maryam Dezhkameh, Shima Kazemzadeh, Satar Rezaei
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017022.   Published online May 17, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017022
  • 37,230 View
  • 609 Download
  • 50 Web of Science
  • 64 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the prevalence and types of medication errors (MEs), as well as barriers to reporting MEs, among nurses working in 7 teaching hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
METHODS
A convenience sampling method was used to select the study participants (n=500 nurses). A self-constructed questionnaire was employed to collect information on participants’ socio-demographic characteristics (10 items), their perceptions about the main causes of MEs (31 items), and barriers to reporting MEs to nurse managers (11 items). Data were collected from September 1 to November 30, 2016. Negative binomial regression was used to identify the main predictors of the frequency of MEs among nurses.
RESULTS
The prevalence of MEs was 17.0% (95% confidence interval, 13.7 to 20.3%). The most common types of MEs were administering medications at the wrong time (24.0%), dosage errors (16.8%), and administering medications to the wrong patient (13.8%). A heavy workload and the type of shift work were considered to be the main causes of MEs by nursing staff. Our findings showed that 45.0% of nurses did not report MEs. A heavy workload due to a high number of patients was the most important reason for not reporting MEs (mean score, 3.57±1.03) among nurses. Being male, having a second unrelated job, and fixed shift work significantly increased MEs among nurses (p=0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Our study documented a high prevalence of MEs among nurses in the west of Iran. A heavy workload was considered to be the most important barrier to reporting MEs among nurses. Thus, appropriate strategies (e.g., reducing the nursing staff workload) should be developed to address MEs and improve patient safety in hospital settings in Iran.
Summary

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Review
Smokeless tobacco (paan and gutkha) consumption, prevalence, and contribution to oral cancer
Kamal Niaz, Faheem Maqbool, Fazlullah Khan, Haji Bahadar, Fatima Ismail Hassan, Mohammad Abdollahi
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017009.   Published online March 9, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017009
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
Smokeless tobacco consumption, which is widespread throughout the world, leads to oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), which is a long-lasting and devastating condition of the oral cavity with the potential for malignancy. In this review, we mainly focus on the consumption of smokeless tobacco, such as <i>paan</i> and <i>gutkha</i>, and the role of these substances in the induction of OSMF and ultimately oral cancer. The list of articles to be examined was established using citation discovery tools provided by PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The continuous chewing of <i>paan</i> and swallowing of <i>gutkha</i> trigger progressive fibrosis in submucosal tissue. Generally, OSMF occurs due to multiple risk factors, especially smokeless tobacco and its components, such as betel quid, areca nuts, and slaked lime, which are used in <i>paan</i> and <i>gutkha</i>. The incidence of oral cancer is higher in women than in men in South Asian countries. Human oral epithelium cells experience carcinogenic and genotoxic effects from the slaked lime present in the betel quid, with or without areca nut. Products such as 3-(methylnitrosamino)-proprionitrile, nitrosamines, and nicotine initiate the production of reactive oxygen species in smokeless tobacco, eventually leading to fibroblast, DNA, and RNA damage with carcinogenic effects in the mouth of tobacco consumers. The metabolic activation of nitrosamine in tobacco by cytochrome P450 enzymes may lead to the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine, a major carcinogen, and micronuclei, which are an indicator of genotoxicity. These effects lead to further DNA damage and, eventually, oral cancer.
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Original Articles
Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among tuberculosis laboratory workers in Iran
Mahshid Nasehi, Abdolrazagh Hashemi-Shahraki, Amin Doosti-Irani, Saeed Sharafi, Ehsan Mostafavi
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017002.   Published online December 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017002
  • 28,297 View
  • 372 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The risk of transmission of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> from patients to health care workers (HCWs) is a neglected problem in many countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) among TB laboratory staff in Iran, and to elucidate the risk factors associated with LTBI.
METHODS
All TB laboratory staff (689 individuals) employed in the TB laboratories of 50 Iranian universities of medical sciences and a random sample consisting of 317 low-risk HCWs were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants with tuberculin skin test indurations of 10 mm or more were considered to have an LTBI.
RESULTS
The prevalence of LTBI among TB laboratory staff and low-risk HCWs was 24.83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.31 to 27.74%) and 14.82% (95% CI, 11.31 to 19.20%), respectively. No active TB cases were found in either group. After adjusting for potential confounders, TB laboratory staff were more likely to have an LTBI than low-risk HCWs (prevalence odds ratio, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.35 to 3.17).
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that LTBI are an occupational health problem among TB laboratory staff in Iran. This study reinforces the need to design and implement simple, effective, and affordable TB infection control programs in TB laboratories in Iran.
Summary

Citations

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The burden of infectious and cardiovascular diseases in India from 2004 to 2014
Kajori Banerjee, Laxmi Kant Dwivedi
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016057.   Published online December 14, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016057
  • 26,089 View
  • 265 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
In India, both communicable and non-communicable diseases have been argued to disproportionately affect certain socioeconomic strata of the population. Using the 60th (2004) and 71st (2014) rounds of the National Sample Survey, this study assessed the balance between infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) from 2004 to 2014, as well as changes in the disease burden in various socioeconomic and demographic subpopulations.
METHODS
Prevalence rates, hospitalization rates, case fatality rates, and share of in-patients deaths were estimated to compare the disease burdens at these time points. Logistic regression and multivariate decomposition were used to evaluate changes in disease burden across various socio-demographic and socioeconomic groups.
RESULTS
Evidence of stagnation in the infectious disease burden and rapid increase in the CVD burden was observed. Along with the drastic increase in case fatality rate, share of in-patients deaths became more skewed towards CVD from 2004 to 2014. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant shift of the chance of succumbing to CVD from the privileged class, comprising non-Scheduled Castes and Tribes, more highly educated individuals, and households with higher monthly expenditures, towards the underprivileged population. Decomposition indicated that a change in the probability of suffering from CVD among the subcategories of age, social groups, educational status, and monthly household expenditures contributed to the increase in CVD prevalence more than compositional changes of the population from 2004 to 2014.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence of the ongoing tendency of CVD to occur in older population segments, and also confirms the theory of diffusion, according to which an increased probability of suffering from CVD has trickled down the socioeconomic gradient.
Summary

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Prevalence of factors related to active reproductive health behavior: a cross-sectional study Indonesian adolescent
Tantut Susanto, Iis Rahmawati, Emi Wuri Wuryaningsih, Ruka Saito, Syahrul, Rumiko Kimura, Akiko Tsuda, Noriko Tabuchi, Junko Sugama
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016041.   Published online September 30, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016041
  • 35,100 View
  • 467 Download
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Complex and diverse factors are related to reproductive health (RH) behavior among adolescents according to the social and cultural context of each countries. This study examined the prevalence of active RH and factors related to active RH behavior among Indonesian adolescents.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,040 of students who were selected through a multi-stage random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was developed, including the World Health Organization Illustrative Questionnaire for Interview-Surveys with Young People, pubertal development scale, and sexual activity scale, modified in accordance to the Indonesian context. The data were analyzed using descriptive and comparative statistics, as well as logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS
The prevalence of active RH behavior were more higher in boys (56.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 50.6% to 62.6%) than in girls (43.7%; 95% CI, 37.6% to 49.8%). Negative attitudes towards RH were a factor related to active RH behavior in both boys and girls. Smoking and kind relationship envisioned before marriage (pacaran [courtship] and nikah siri [non-registered marriage]) were factors related to active RH behavior in boys; whereas the absence of access to information on substance abuse was an additional factor in girls. Moreover, an interaction was found between access to information on development and smoking (boys) and attitudes on RH (girls) as independent variables associated with active RH behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
Sex education for adolescents in Indonesia, particularly in the context of a health promotion program, should be developed based on prevalent social, cultural, and religious values to prevent active RH behavior. Such programs should focus on the kind of relationship envisioned before marriage and smoking for boys and access to information on subtance abuse for girls.
Summary

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Estimation of the population attributable fraction of road-related injuries due to speeding and passing in Iran
Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Hamid Soori, Kamyar Mansori, Manoochehr Karami, Erfan Ayubi, Salman Khazaei
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016038.   Published online August 29, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016038
  • 25,875 View
  • 288 Download
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Speeding and passing are considered to be the main human factors resulting in road traffic injuries (RTIs). This study aimed to estimate the population attributeable fraction (PAF) of speeding and passing in RTIs in rural Iran during 2012.
METHODS
The contribution of speeding and passing to RTI-related morbidity and mortality was estimated using the PAF method. The prevalence of speeding and passing was obtained from the national traffic police data registry. A logistic regression model was used to measure the association between the above risk factors and RTIs.
RESULTS
Speeding accounted for 20.96% and 16.61% of rural road-related deaths and injuries, respectively. The corresponding values for passing were 13.50% and 13.44%, respectively. Jointly, the PAF of these factors was 31.63% for road-related deaths and 27.81% for injuries.
CONCLUSIONS
This study illustrates the importance of controlling speeding and passing as a high-priority aspect of public-health approaches to RTIs in Iran. It is recommended that laws restricting speeding and passing be enforced more strictly.
Summary

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    Seunghyun Baek, Jung Ho Kim
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    Meisam Abolvardi, Nader Sharifi, Karamatollah Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmanian
    International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Haleh Ghaem, Mahmoud Hajipour, Hamid Reza Tababataee, Mahnaz Yadollahi, Fatemeh Izanloo
    Trauma Monthly.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
The prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in South Korea: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2009-2010
Eun-Young Pyo, Gui Hyeong Mun, Kyung Chul Yoon
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016015.   Published online April 29, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016015
  • 26,050 View
  • 231 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence and risk factors for pterygium in the adult Korean population of South Korea.
METHODS
Data were analyzed from 9,193 participants who were 40 years of age or older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), conducted from 2009 to 2010. Standardized slit-lamp examinations were performed by study ophthalmologists to examine the anterior segment for evidence of pterygium. Pterygium was graded clinically as T1 (atrophic), T2 (intermediate), or T3 (opaque). Every participant underwent ocular and systemic examinations, as well as interviewer-administered questionnaires. Any evidence of pterygium and observed association between the risk factors were recorded.
RESULTS
The mean age of the subjects was 55.7 (±0.2) years. Of the 9,193 eligible subjects, 935 had pterygium in at least one eye. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and sex, pterygium was significantly associated with rural vs. urban residence (odds ratio [OR], 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 2.0), lower level of education (OR, 4.5; 95% CI, 3.1 to 6.6), low income (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0 to 1.8), smoking (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.0), and more hours of sun exposure (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.8). After adjusting for all variables, the prevalence of pterygium was significantly associated with age, sex, residence, education level, and smoking.
CONCLUSIONS
This is a nationwide epidemiologic study in South Korea to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for pterygium. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 8.8% among Koreans aged 40 years or older. Older age, male gender, rural residence, lower level of education, and non-smoking were associated with the development of pterygium.
Summary
Korean summary
이 연구는 40세이상 한국인의 군날개 유병률과 위험요인을 파악하기 위해 2009년부터 2010년까지 조사된 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 한국인의 40세이상 군날개 유병률은 8.8%이었으며, 다중로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 분석된 관련 위험요인으로는 연령, 성, 거주지역, 교육수준, 흡연이었다.

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  • Evaluation of the role of thyroid hormones, vitamin B12, vitamin D3, folic acid and ferritin serum levels in pterygium development
    Fatma Sumer, Bayram Kizilkaya, Elif Yildiz, Muhammed Fatih Satilmaz, Abdulfettah Suveys
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Potential Role of Vitamin D in the Pterygium Pathophysiology—A Possible New Therapeutic Perspective and Narrative Review
    Martina Paradzik Simunovic, Marina Degoricija, Robert Stanic, Janos Terzic, Marko Simunovic
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(11): 3640.     CrossRef
  • A Study of Reccurence of Pterygium in Maharashtra
    Sarosh Omar Syed, Kashinath Choudhary, Archana Vare
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    Muhammad Faisal Fahim
    Journal of Ophthalmology and Advance Research.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
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    Mingzhi Lu, He Ren, Xiaoxi Deng, Kuiliang Yang, Han Zhang, Wanju Yang, Hong Zhang, Yiqiao Xing
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    Monica Alves, Penny Asbell, Murat Dogru, Giuseppe Giannaccare, Arturo Grau, Darren Gregory, Dong Hyun Kim, Maria Cecilia Marini, William Ngo, Anna Nowinska, Ian J. Saldanha, Edoardo Villani, Tais Hitomi Wakamatsu, Mitasha Yu, Fiona Stapleton
    The Ocular Surface.2023; 29: 1.     CrossRef
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    Siwen Zang, Yanlei Chen, Haike Guo, Min Zhang, Guanrong Zhang, Lixin Zhang, Liang Zhang, Qingyang Liu, Jin Zeng, Chun-Han Lo, Ying Cui, Qianli Meng
    BMJ Open.2022; 12(6): e058649.     CrossRef
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    BMC Ophthalmology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Sofonias Addis Fekadu, Abel Sinshaw Assem, Nebiyat Feleke Adimassu, James Wolffsohn
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Age-period-cohort analysis of smoking prevalence among young adults in Korea
Yong Ho Jee, Sung-il Cho
Epidemiol Health. 2016;38:e2016010.   Published online March 19, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016010
Correction in: Epidemiol Health 2016;38(0):e2016029
  • 29,872 View
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  • 13 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Smoking prevalence among Korean men in their thirties is substantially high (approximately 50%). An in-depth analysis of smoking trends among young adults in their twenties is necessary to devise antismoking policies for the next 10 years. This study aimed to identify the contributions of age, period, and birth cohort effects on smoking prevalence in young adults.
METHODS
Subjects comprised 181,136 adults (83,947 men: 46.3%; 97,189 women: 53.7%) aged 19 to 30 years from the 2008-2013 Korea Community Health Survey. Smoking prevalence adjusted with reference to the 2008 population was applied to the age-period-cohort (APC) model to identify the independent effects of each factor.
RESULTS
For men, smoking prevalence rapidly escalated among subjects aged 19 to 22 years and slowed down among those aged 23 to 30 years, declined during 2008 to 2010 but stabilized during 2011 to 2013, and declined in birth cohorts prior to 1988 but stabilized in subjects born after 1988. However, in APC models, smoking prevalence increased with age in the 1988 to 1991 birth cohort. In this birth cohort, smoking prevalence at age 19 to 20 years was approximately 24% but increased to 40% when the subjects turned 23 to 24 years. For women, smoking prevalence was too low to generate consistent results.
CONCLUSIONS
Over the past six years and in recent birth cohorts, smoking prevalence in adults aged 19 to 30 years has declined and is stable. Smoking prevalence should be more closely followed as it remains susceptible to an increase depending on antismoking policies or social conditions.
Summary
Korean summary
우리나라 남자의 30대와 40대의 흡연율은 약 50% 수준으로 매우 높다. 앞으로 10년 뒤에 이들 연령대로 진입하는 20대와 30대 젊은 청년층의 흡연율의 추이를 심층 분석하는 것은 10년 뒤 금연정책 준비에 필요한 기초자료가 될 것이다. 이 연구의 목적은 젊은 청년의 흡연율의 변화추이에 영향을 주는 연령, 연도, 출생코호트 효과를 파악하고자 하였다. 지난 6년 동안 19-30세의 흡연율은 전체적으로 연도가 증가하고 최근 출생코호트로 올수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 최근 출생코호트의 흡연율은 앞으로 금연정책이나 사회적인 상황에 따라 여전히 증가할 여지가 있으므로 주의 깊은 관찰이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

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    Chang Kyun Choi, Hyeon Ji Lee, Mina Suh, Jae Kwan Jun, EunKyo Kang
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Prevalence of fungal infections using National Health Insurance data from 2009-2013, South Korea
Hee Jung Yoon, Hwa Young Choi, Young Kwon Kim, Yeong Jun Song, Moran Ki
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014017.   Published online September 11, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014017
  • 32,995 View
  • 291 Download
  • 29 Web of Science
  • 30 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The symptoms of fungal infections vary from minor to severe. According to recent reports, fungal infection prevalence is increasing due to increases in the aging population and in patients with compromised immune systems. However, the total prevalence of fungal infections in South Korea is unknown. We investigated the recent 5-year prevalence of each type of fungal infection in South Korea across age, sex, and regional groups.
METHODS
Nationwide data from the National Health Insurance of South Korea were used. The target population included patients who had received treatment for a fungal infection that was listed as the main disease. For each patient, multiple treatments were counted as one case per year in the data analysis.
RESULTS
The annual prevalence of all-type mycoses increased from 6.9% in 2009 to 7.4% in 2013. Among the specific groups, the prevalence of dermatophytosis was highest (5.2%), followed by that of opportunistic mycoses (1.7%) and superficial mycoses (0.2%). The prevalence of subcutaneous mycoses and generalized mycoses was very low (8 cases per 100,000 persons and 3 cases per 1 million persons, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Every year, approximately 7.1% of the Korean population receives treatment for fungal diseases. Cases of opportunistic mycoses are assumed to increase each year. Therefore, further research is needed to understand and monitor the prevalence of mycoses to establish management policies to reduce the burden of fungal diseases.
Summary
Korean summary
2009-2013년도 한국의 건강보험자료를 활용하여 진균 종류별로 연령별, 성별, 지역별 유병률을 검토하였다. 그 결과 한국 인구의 약 7.1%가 매년 진균 질환으로 치료를 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 기회감염 진균증의 연도별 증가 양상이 관찰되었다. 진균증 유병률에 대한 이해와 관심이 필요하며 이를 토대로 진균 질환 관리 정책 수립이 필요하다.

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Prevalence and healthcare utilization of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in South Korea: disparity among patients with different immune statuses
Chelim Cheong, Tae-Jin Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014012.   Published online August 14, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014012
  • 27,682 View
  • 167 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Despite the clinical and epidemiological importance of herpes zoster (HZ) and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), their disease and economic burden related to immune status has not been studied in South Korea. Our aim was to calculate the prevalence and rate of healthcare utilization related to HZ and PHN among Korean patients stratified by immune status.
METHODS
This retrospective study used the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service National Patients Sample (HIRA K-NPS) database, which includes all medical claims from January to December 2009 on a representative sample of the Korean population. HZ and PHN patients aged ≥ 50 years were categorized into three groups by immune status: severely immunocompromised group, moderately compromised group, and non-compromised group. The prevalence, disease-related healthcare utilization, and medical costs were compared across the three groups.
RESULTS
We estimated that there were 312,136 HZ patients and 48,461 PHN patients ≥ 50 years in South Korea. The prevalence of HZ and PHN was 18.54 and 2.88 per 1,000 persons, respectively, and increased with deteriorating immune status. The number of outpatient visits and hospitalization rate among HZ patients were highest in the severely immunocompromised group (4.38% and 7.52%, respectively) and lowest in the non-compromised group (3.82% and 4.08%, respectively). The average medical cost per patient in the severe group was the highest (240 US dollars) and that of the non-compromised group was the lowest (161 US dollars). No parameters were significantly different among patients with PHN by immunity.
CONCLUSIONS
HZ patients with severe immunodeficiency had a higher prevalence of HZ, more outpatient visits and hospitalizations, longer hospitalizations, and higher medical costs than their counterparts did. Efforts should be made to reduce the HZ-related burden of severely immunocompromised patients.
Summary

Citations

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Fever screening and detection of febrile arrivals at an international airport in Korea: association among self-reported fever, infrared thermal camera scanning, and tympanic temperature
Kyung Sook Cho, Jangho Yoon
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014004.   Published online May 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014004
  • 41,341 View
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  • 29 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this research was to measure fever prevalence and the effectiveness of a fever screening procedure in detecting febrile arrivals at an international airport in Korea.
METHODS
Data were retrieved from arrivals’ health declaration forms and questionnaires for febrile arrivals at an international airport collected by a national quarantine station during the year 2012. Self-reported health declaration forms were returned by 355,887 arrivals (61% of the total arrivals). Of these, 608 symptomatic arrivals (0.2%) including 6 febrile arrivals were analyzed.
RESULTS
Fever prevalence at an international airport in Korea was 0.002%. Self-reported fever was significantly positively associated with tympanic temperature (p<0.001). The difference between the thermal camera temperature (36.83°C) and tympanic (or ear) temperature (38.14°C) was not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings imply that a procedure for mass detection of fever such as self-reported questionnaires and thermal camera scanning may serve as an effective tool for detecting febrile arrivals at quarantine stations. Future research can benefit from looking at the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the entry screening system.
Summary
Korean summary
2003년 전 세계적인 SARS 대 유행 이후, 우리나라는 증상을 자가보고 하도록 하는 검역질문서, 열감지 카메라를 통한 체온 측정, 고막체온 측정 등과 같은 검역절차들이 상호 유기적으로 작용할 수 있도록 검역체계를 강화해 왔다. 그러나 이러한 검역절차들이 얼마나 효과적으로 작용하고 있는지, 그리고 이를 통해 실제로 발열환자가 얼마나 발견되고 있는지에 대한 연구는 전무하였다. 그러한 점에서 본 연구는 이러한 연구 질문에 대한 우리나라 최초의 시도로서, 검역 행정뿐만 아니라 향후 보다 발전된 후속 연구를 위한 기초자료로도 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

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Burden of Disease of Multiple Sclerosis in Korea
Soo-Eun Chung, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Jae-Hyun Park, Ho Jin Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012008.   Published online November 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012008
  • 31,437 View
  • 161 Download
  • 22 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There are few reports on the burden of disease of MS, worldwide. The authors aim to estimate burden of disease and estimate the epidemiologic indexes of MS in Korea using available epidemiologic data.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>Epidemiologic indexes were computed using DISMOD II software based on prevalence from nationwide survey, incidence estimated from extrapolation, mortality from National Statistics Office, and duration of disease from literature as input indexes. We calculated disability-adjusted life year (DALY) as a measure of premature mortality and disability, equivalent to years of healthy life lost due to a given condition.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The incidence of MS in Korea was 0.1 per 100,000, higher in female than in male. The highest incidence was estimated in the age group between 35 and 44 years in male and age group between 25 and 29 years in female. Total burden of disease of MS was 1,394 DALY, comprised of 292 (21%) years of life lost and 1,101 (79%) years lived with disability. The mean age at onset of MS was 33 years old in men and 32 years old in female. Estimated duration of disease was 35 years in men and 40 years in female. Most of the DALY of MS occurred in the adult population between 25 and 54 years of age.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Although MS is a rare disease in Korea, most of the DALY arises from young people, which results in a major financial burden on the patient, family, health system and society.</p></sec>
Summary

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Socioeconomic and Employment Status of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Korea
Jeong-Mi Kwon, Jinnie Rhee, Hyemin Ku, Eui-Kyung Lee
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012003.   Published online May 7, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012003
  • 26,870 View
  • 123 Download
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>This study investigates the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by gender and socio-economic characteristics. It also explores the differences in the employment status between RA patients and the general population without RA in Korea.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>We analyzed data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES IV) conducted from 2007 to 2009. Prevalence rates were estimated for female and male patients with RA in terms of age, residence, education, income level, and occupation type. The female respondents aged 45 to 64 were divided into the RA population and the non-RA population in order to compare the employment status between the two groups.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The annual physician-diagnosed RA prevalence rate was 1.45%. The prevalence rate was 2.27% for women and 0.62% for men. Individuals with RA had a significantly lower employment rate than individuals without RA (41.7 vs. 68.1%). The main reason for non-employment among RA patients was health-related problems (47.1%). There was statistically significant difference in employment type among the two groups. The experience rates for sick leave and sick-in-bed due to RA were 1.7 and 3.9%, respectively.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Middle- and old-aged women accounted for the majority of the Korean RA population, which had a significant lower employment rate compared to the population without RA for both sexes. RA resulted in considerable productivity loss in Korea.</p></sec>
Summary

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Normal Value for Serum Homocysteine and the Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinemia in a Rural Population.
Jeong Uk Kim, Hyun Ja Kim, Bo Youl Choi
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(1):100-109.   Published online June 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.1.100
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  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
Homocysteine is a known independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and its blood levels are influenced by several factors such as race, diet, and lifestyle, so on. Considering these factors, the normal value for total homocysteine has not been determined in Korea. The objective of this study is to establish the normal value for serum total homocysteine and elucidate the prevalence rate of hyperhomocysteinemia by gender and age. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Among the participants of a community-based cohort study conducted in Yangpyeong province, 889 subjects were measured the biochemical analytes including homocysteine. Those who had the medical histories of angina, myocardial infarction and/orstroke, those who had low levels of folate and/or vitamin B12 and those who had high creatinine level were excluded. Finally, 506 subjects were selected as the reference population. A normal value was established with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute C28-A2 protocol.
RESULTS
Homocysteine concentrations of total 889 population and 506 reference population were 10.3+/-5.7 micromol/L (1.9 ~ 93.9 micromol/L) and 8.8+/-2.5 micromol/L (4.3 ~ 21.4 micromol/L), respectively. Homocysteine level was significantly higher in men compared to women (P<0.001) and was significantly increased with age. Normal values were 6.7~15.3micromol/L for men and 5.2~12.7 micromol/L for women. With the normal values, the prevalence rates of hyperhomocysteinemia were 13.3% for men and 8.5% for women in total 889 population. The prevalence rate was highest for individuals aged 60 years or older.
CONCLUSIONS
These data on homocysteine concentrations are similar to from different countries. The established normal value might be used to evaluate quantitatively the risk for hyperhomocysteinemia.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Major Determinants of Serum Homocysteine Concentrations in a Korean Population
    Hyun Ja Kim, Mi Kyung Kim, Jeong Uk Kim, Hun Young Ha, Bo Youl Choi
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2010; 25(4): 509.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Related Factors in a Community-based Health Examination Survey: A Cross-sectional Study
    Soo Jeong Kim, Kyung Sook Lim, Mi Sook Song, Yeonji Kang, Soon Young Lee
    Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.2009; 42(5): 337.     CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome in Korean high school students.
Kyung Tae Lee, Jaehyun Yoo, Bo Kyoung Kim, Hae Kwan Cheong
Korean J Epidemiol. 2007;29(1):21-33.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
BACKGROUND
AND OBJECTIVES: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is prevalent in the general population, but there are few reports on bowel habits and IBS in high school students in Korea. This study aims to describe the prevalence of IBS in high school students in Korea and to investigate the influence of lifestyle factors including dietary habits, on the IBS. This study also investigates relationship between anxiety, depression and IBSprevalence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional study on 1,018 students (451 males and 567 females) form freshman to senior of a high schools in Seoul. All students were requested to fill in a self-reported questionnaire. IBS was diagnosed based on the Rome II criteria. Those having past medical history of organic gastrointestinal disorders and any one of the 'alarm factors'(e.g. continuous hematochezia, weight loss, or anemic symptom) were excluded from the IBS group. For the evaluation of risk factors on the IBS, we surveyed dietary habit, health behavior, past medical history, the Hollingshed index for the measurement of socioeconomic status, Beck's Anxiety Inventory for the anxiety, and the Children's Depression Inventory for the depression.
RESULTS
The prevalence of IBS was 19.1%. Family history of abdominal discomfort (odds ratio 2.07, 95% 1.46-2.92) and having night snack (odds ratio 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.94) were significantly different between the IBS group and non-IBS group. There was a linear trend towards the higher prevalence of IBS with fewer hours of exercise (odds ratio 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.04). Menstruation, stress, and irregular eating were the significant provocation factors of IBS. Anxiety and depression was not significantly higher in in the IBS group.
CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of the IBS in high school students from this study was higher compared with those reported in college students in Korea. This study shows that family history, dietary factors, lifestyle, and grade were significantly related to IBS. From our study, we found that there are multifaceted health aspects required to reduce symptoms, such as dietary education and encouragement to change lifestyle for controlling stress.
Summary
The Prevalence Rate of Fatty Liver and Its Risk Factors of Adult Women in a Rural Area.
June Young Suh, Byung Yeol Chun, Hee Jung Yoon, Kyung Eun Lee, Sam Soon Lee
Korean J Epidemiol. 2003;25(2):100-107.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
To investigate the prevalence rate of fatty liver disease and its related factors of women in rural area.
METHODS
Seven hundreds and fifty four adult females (above age 30) at eleven Community Health Centers in Koryung County were recruited from 3 March 2001 to 30 May 2001. Abdominal ultrasonography, height, weight, and blood pressure were measured. A questionnaire interviewing method was used to collect life style data.
RESULTS
The prevalence of fatty liver disease was 13.4%. By simple analysis, age(p<0.05), diabetes mellitus(p<0.01), salt intake(p<0.05), and obesity (p<0.01) were significantly associated with fatty liver disease. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk for fatty liver in above 50 age group was 2.7 (95% CI: 1.25-5.99) times higher than that in 30-49 age group, overweight was 10.3 (95% CI: 5.26-19.99) times higher than normal group, 3.9 times (95% CI: 1.84-8.38) higher in person with diabetes mellitus than those without and the risk of current drinkers was 2.0 times (95% CI: 1.03-3.85) higher than non-drinkers.
CONCLUSION
Above findings suggested that risk factors significantly related with fatty liver were age, BMI, diabetes mellitus, and drinking in adult women.
Summary
Prevalence of Stroke in Pyongchang County.
Jong Ku Park, Kyung Sook Cho, Chun Bae Kim, Jin Back Kim, Ha Ja Song, Kee Ho Park, Seong Gyu Ko
Korean J Epidemiol. 2001;23(1):69-79.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of stroke in Pyongchang county, Kangwon do.
METHODS
The presumptive stroke patients of Pyongchang county were identified with a key-person method in October 2000. And then, medical records of these patients were reviewed by well-trained two students who major in the science of medical record.
RESULTS
In the year 2000, there were 92 males and 68 females of self-diagnosed stroke. Of these, stroke patients based on physician's diagnosis were 102, and stroke patients based on CT/MRI findings or Minnesota criteria were 93. Prevalence rate of self-reported stroke, stroke based on physician's diagnosis, and stroke based on CT/MRI findings or Minnesota criteria were 0.33%, 0.29%, and 0.26% respectively.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that verifying process of diagnosis is needed to estimate the prevalence of stroke in community.
Summary
The Analysis of the Correlation of Diabetes Mellitus Incidence and Prevalence with Body Mass Index among Adults Registered in a Health Promotion Center of a University Hospital.
Sang Hoon Ahn, Jung Soon Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2000;22(2):159-170.
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in Korea are higher than western countries. Despite the fact that obesity is an important risk factor of DM, western obesity criteria by BMI level has been used in Korea, which was based on the data derived from the western people having higher average body mass index(BMI) and lower DM incidence than Koreans. Therefore, this study was performed to find out the BMI level, at which point the risk of developing DM increases and its incidence per year.
METHODS
13,301 men and women who visited the Health Promotion Center at Seoul National University Hospital between March 1, 1995 and February 28, 1999 were studied. Factors attributable to DM including BMI were investigated. BMI was categorized in detail to find out the critical point of BMI with increased DM. The incidence of DM per year was investigated by analysing the cohort consisting of people who have visited the center more than once.
RESULTS
The risk factors of DM revealing significant statistical association were age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride and BMI. The age-sex adjusted odds ratio at BMI 24.0 was 1.950(95% CI 1.089~3.492) compared to the reference BMI(<21.0) when applying the current diagnostic criteria of DM(140mg/dl), and it was 1.635(95% CI 1.018~2.627) at BMI 22.0 by the new criteria of DM(126mg/dl). Crude incidence rate of DM was 0.9% by the current criteria and 2.1% by the new criteria.
CONCLUSIONS
Current WHO obesity criteria by BMI that we use in Korea should be readjusted(the criteria of overweight lowered from BMI 25.0 to 24.0, and obesity from 30.0 to 27.0 for Koreans), particularly in the aspect of prevention of DM for Korean people. Crude incidence rate of DM was 0.9%, much higher than that of western people, which calls for national concern on prevention and management of DM.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.
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