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Original Articles
Demographic characteristics and intravenous drug use among hepatitis C patients in the Kota Setar district, Kedah, Malaysia
Wei Leong Tan, Goh Yihui, Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan
Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015032.   Published online July 10, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015032
  • 65,535 View
  • 133 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study explored the demographic characteristics of hepatitis C patients in the Kota Setar (KS) district, Kedah, Malaysia, the prevalence of intravenous drug use (IVDU) as a risk factor among these patients, and the associations between IVDU and demographic characteristics.
METHODS
Retrospective data pertaining to 713 patients from January 2009 to December 2013 were retrieved from hospital and disease notification records for analysis. The risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were grouped into IVDU and non-IVDU risk factors for analysis using multiple logistic regression.
RESULTS
Of the hepatitis C patients included in this study, the most common age group was 31 to 40 years (30.2%), and male patients (91.2%) made up the overwhelming majority. Ethnic Malays constituted approximately 80.4% of the patients, and IVDU was the main risk factor (77.8%) for HCV infection. Multiple logistic regression showed that male patients were 59 times more likely to have IVDU as a risk factor for HCV infection. Single patients were 2.5 times more likely to have IVDU as a risk factor. Patients aged ≥71 years were much less likely than patients aged ≤30 years to have IVDU as a risk factor for HCV infection.
CONCLUSIONS
IVDU was found to be an important risk factor for HCV infection among patients in the KS district. The factors associated with IVDU included age, sex, and marital status. Appropriate preventive measures should be developed to target the groups in which IVDU is most likely to be a risk factor for HCV infection.
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • A Review on Secondary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Malaysia
    Muhamad Aidil Zahidin, Noor Haslina Mohd Noor, Muhammad Farid Johan, Abu Dzarr Abdullah, Zefarina Zulkafli, Hisham Atan Edinur
    Healthcare.2021; 10(1): 38.     CrossRef
  • Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir With or Without Ribavirin Regimen for Patients Infected With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 in Malaysia
    Asrul Akmal Shafie, Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan, Siew Chin Ong, Suchin Virabhak, Yuri Sanchez Gonzalez
    Value in Health Regional Issues.2020; 21: 164.     CrossRef
  • Risk Factors for a Positive Hepatitis C Status in Fishermen in Kuantan Malaysia
    Priya Lall, Rumana Saifi, Diva Baggio, Samantha Fitzsimmons Schoenberger, Martin Choo, Louisa Gilbert, Brooke West, Nabila El-Bassel, Adeeba Kamarulzaman
    Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2019; 31(3): 227.     CrossRef
  • Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: A case–control study
    Mohd Azri Mohd Suan, Salmiah Md Said, Poh Ying Lim, Ahmad Zaid Fattah Azman, Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan, Jason Blackard
    PLOS ONE.2019; 14(10): e0224459.     CrossRef
  • Variation in Hepatitis C Virus Subtype Distribution during 20 Years in Venezuela
    Carmen L. Loureiro, Rossana C. Jaspe, Flor H. Pujol
    Intervirology.2019; 62(5-6): 191.     CrossRef
  • Social determinants and risk behaviors associated with prevalent Hepatitis C and HIV/HCV co-infection among male injection drug users in Nepal
    Sampurna Kakchapati, Manju Maharjan, Bir Bahadhur Rawal, Sameer Mani Dixit
    Archives of Public Health.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
Estimation of the Frequency of Intravenous Drug Users in Hamadan City, Iran, Using the Capture-recapture Method
Salman Khazaei, Jalal Poorolajal, Hossein Mahjub, Nader Esmailnasab, Mohammad Mirzaei
Epidemiol Health. 2012;34:e2012006.   Published online October 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2012006
  • 15,275 View
  • 104 Download
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>The number of illicit drug users is prone to underestimation. This study aimed to use the capture-recapture method as a statistical procedure for measuring the prevalence of intravenous drug users (IDUs) by estimating the number of unknown IDUs not registered by any of the registry centers.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>This study was conducted in Hamadan City, the west of Iran, in 2012. Three incomplete data sources of IDUs, with partial overlapping data, were assessed including: (a) Volunteer Counseling and Testing Centers (VCTCs); (b) Drop in Centers (DICs); and (c) Outreach Teams (ORTs). A log-linear model was applied for the analysis of three-sample capture-recapture results. Two information criteria were used for model selection including Akaike's Information Criterion and the Bayesian Information Criterion.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>Out of 1,478 IDUs registered by three centers, 48% were identified by VCTCs, 32% by DICs, and 20% by ORTs. After exclusion of duplicates, 1,369 IDUs remained. According to our findings, there were 9,964 (95% CI, 6,088 to 17,636) IDUs not identified by any of the centers. Hence, the real number of IDUs is expected to be 11,333. Based on these findings, the overall completeness of the three data sources was around 12% (95% CI, 7% to 18%).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>There was a considerable number of IDUs not identified by any of the centers. Although the capture-recapture method is a useful and practical approach for estimating unknown populations, due to the assumptions and limitations of the method, the results must be interpreted with caution.</p></sec>
Summary

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The prevalence of opioid use disorder in Kentucky’s counties: A two-year multi-sample capture-recapture analysis
    Katherine Thompson, Joshua A. Barocas, Chris Delcher, Jungjun Bae, Lindsey Hammerslag, Jianing Wang, Redonna Chandler, Jennifer Villani, Sharon Walsh, Jeffery Talbert
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence.2023; 242: 109710.     CrossRef
  • Estimating the Population Size of Female Sex Worker Population in Tehran, Iran: Application of Direct Capture–Recapture Method
    Manoochehr Karami, Salman Khazaei, Jalal Poorolajal, Alireza Soltanian, Mansour Sajadipoor
    AIDS and Behavior.2017; 21(8): 2394.     CrossRef
  • Using the capture-recapture method to estimate the human immunodeficiency virus-positive population
    Jalal Poorolajal, Younes Mohammadi, Farzad Farzinara
    Epidemiology and Health.2017; 39: e2017042.     CrossRef
  • Estimation of perinatal mortality rate for institutional births in Rajasthan state, India, using capture-recapture technique
    P. K. Mony, B. Varghese, T. Thomas
    BMJ Open.2015; 5(3): e005966.     CrossRef
  • Estimating the size of the population of persons who inject drugs in the island of Montréal, Canada, using a six-source capture–recapture model
    Pascale Leclerc, Alain C. Vandal, Aïssatou Fall, Julie Bruneau, Élise Roy, Suzanne Brissette, Chris Archibald, Nelson Arruda, Carole Morissette
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence.2014; 142: 174.     CrossRef
  • Heterogeneity and behavioral response in continuous time capture–recapture, with application to street cannabis use in Italy
    Alessio Farcomeni, Daria Scacciatelli
    The Annals of Applied Statistics.2013;[Epub]     CrossRef
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