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Original Articles
Homelessness and mortality: gender, age, and housing status inequity in Korea
Gum-Ryeong Park, Dawoon Jeong, Seung Won Lee, Hojoon Sohn, Young Ae Kang, Hongjo Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024076.   Published online September 12, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024076
  • 1,846 View
  • 101 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We compared mortality rates among various housing statuses within the homeless population and investigated factors contributing to their deaths, including housing status, gender, and age.
METHODS
Using a comprehensive multi-year dataset (n=15,445) curated by the National Tuberculosis Screening and Case Management Programs, matched with the 2019-2021 Vital Statistics Death Database and National Health Insurance claims data, we calculated age-standardized mortality rates and conducted survival analysis to estimate differences in mortality rates based on housing status.
RESULTS
The mortality rate among the homeless population was twice as high as that of the general population, at 1,159.6 per 100,000 compared to 645.8 per 100,000, respectively. Cancer and cardiovascular diseases were the primary causes of death. Furthermore, individuals residing in shelter facilities faced a significantly higher risk of death than those who were rough sleeping, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.70 (95% confidence interval, 1.37 to 2.11). This increased risk was especially pronounced in older adults and women.
CONCLUSIONS
The study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, as the homeless population faces significantly higher mortality rates. Older adults and women in shelter facilities are at the highest risk.
Summary
Korean summary
전체 인구의 사망률은 큰 폭으로 줄어들면서 홈리스와 전체 인구 간의 사망 불평등이 1.3배에서 1.8배로 증가했다. 특히 쪽방주민이나 거리 홈리스보다 시설 거주 홈리스의 사망 위험이 더 높았으며, 동일 조건하에서 거리 홈리스 대비 약 1.7배 높은 사망 위험을 보였다. 본 연구는 홈리스의 탈시설화를 촉진하는 정책 전환의 필요성을 시사한다.
Key Message
The mortality rate of the general population has significantly declined, leading to an increase in mortality inequality between the homeless and the general population from 1.3 to 1.8 times. In particular, the mortality risk for homeless individuals in facilities was higher than that of those living in jjokbang or on the streets. This study highlights the need for a policy shift to promote deinstitutionalization for the homeless population.
Gender differences in the association between multimorbidity and depression in older Korean adults: an analysis of data from the National Survey of Older Koreans (2011-2017)
SeoYeon Hwang, Jin Young Nam, Jeong Hyun Ahn, Soojin Park
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022049.   Published online May 24, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022049
  • 11,567 View
  • 398 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies have shown that people with multimorbidity have a higher risk of depression than those without multimorbidity. However, few studies have examined the association between depression and multimorbidity in men and women separately. Since the rates of depression and multimorbidity are different in men and women, it is necessary to examine whether gender differences affect their association.
METHODS
This study included 30,138 participants (aged ≥ 65 years) from the National Survey of Older Koreans (2011-2017). Depression was defined using the Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K). Multimorbidity was defined as people who had 2 or more chronic diseases, including arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, pulmonary disease, cancer, stroke, or osteoporosis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between depression and multimorbidity.
RESULTS
In total, 22.2% and 30.7% of men and women, respectively, had depression. Those with multimorbidity had a higher risk of depression than those without chronic conditions; specifically, the difference in risk among men was greater than that among women. Age was considered a moderator for women. While the effects of pulmonary disease, stroke, and cancer were especially substantial in the integrated analysis, gender differences were observed related to various chronic conditions comorbid with heart disease.
CONCLUSIONS
There are gender differences in the association between multimorbidity and depression among older Korean adults. Therefore, gender-specific care should be provided to reduce depression in older adults with multimorbidity.
Summary
Korean summary
복합만성질환을 가진 남성 노인이 복합만성질환을 가진 여성 노인보다 우울증을 경험할 위험이 높았다. 특히 심장질환을 가진 남성 노인과 여성 노인은 심장질환을 포함한 만성질환의 개수에 따라 우울증 위험에 차이가 있었다. 노인들의 수명 향상을 위해 성별 차이를 고려한 치료 방안과 정책이 마련되어야 한다.
Key Message
Multimorbidity was associated with a high-risk of depression in older Korean adults and the effects of multimorbidity differed by gender.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Exploring Factors Associated With Resilience and Physical Activity in Older Men and Women Post-Hip Fracture
    Hohyun Seong, Barbara Resnick, Sarah Holmes, Elizabeth Galik, Rachel Blankstein Breman, Richard H. Fortinsky, Shijun Zhu
    Journal of Applied Gerontology.2024; 43(6): 627.     CrossRef
  • Inter- and intrapopulation differences in the association between physical multimorbidity and depressive symptoms
    Haiyang Yu, Yike Zhang, Mengxiao Hu, Bowen Xiang, Sijia Wang, Qing Wang
    Journal of Affective Disorders.2024; 354: 434.     CrossRef
Gender role stereotypes, patriarchal attitudes, and cognitive function in the elderly rural Korean population: a cross-sectional study
Hye Rin Choi, Byeonggwan Ha, Ye Jin Jeon, Yoosik Youm, Hyeon Chang Kim, Sun Jae Jung
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021023.   Published online April 7, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021023
  • 14,398 View
  • 379 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
We analyzed whether gender role stereotypes (GRS) and patriarchal attitudes are associated with cognitive function in an elderly community.
METHODS
We analyzed data from 580 people enrolled in the Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. The degrees to which respondents held stereotypical beliefs about gender roles and had patriarchal mindsets were measured using a questionnaire. Based on participants’ responses, we divided respondents into 2 groups—those with conservative mindsets and those with open mindsets—according to the median score for each of the 2 variables. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, Korean version (MMSE-K). Cognitive impairment was defined as an MMSE-K score ≤21 points. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for gender, age, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors, and social network size. Age and lifestyle factors were stratified.
RESULTS
Compared to those with open mindsets, those with conservative mindsets regarding gender roles and patriarchal norms had adjusted odds ratios of 1.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 3.19) and 1.67 (95% CI, 1.00 to 2.79) for cognitive impairment, respectively. In the stratified analysis, subgroups with younger age and a good lifestyle maintained a protective association with cognitive impairment.
CONCLUSIONS
GRS and a patriarchal mindset were marginally significantly associated with cognitive impairment among women later in life.
Summary
Korean summary
농촌지역에 거주하는 노년기 인구 580명 대상으로 성 역할 고정관념 또는 가부장적 사고가 인지기능과 연관성이 있는지 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 알아보았다. 분석결과, 보수적인 성 역할 고정관념과 가부장적 사고를 가진 여성에서 개방적인 사고를 가진 여성보다 인지기능이 통계적으로 유의하게 저하된 결과를 얻었다.
Key Message
We investigated whether gender role stereotypes and patriarchal attitudes are associated with cognitive function in the elderly rural Korean population. Compared to women with open attitudes, those with conservative attitudes regarding gender roles and patriarchal norms had marginally significant higher odds ratios for cognitive impairment. Thus, gender role stereotypes and a patriarchal mindset were marginally significantly associated with cognitive impairment among women later in life.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Examining the gender equity outlook and patriarchal beliefs of police constables in Allahabad, India: A machine learning approach
    Saumya Tripathi
    Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
The survival rate of patients with beta-thalassemia major and intermedia and its trends in recent years in Iran
Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Hossein Ali Adineh, Iraj Zareban, Mehdi Mohammadi, Mahtab Maghsoodlu
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018048.   Published online October 3, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018048
  • 16,780 View
  • 292 Download
  • 21 Web of Science
  • 21 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Thalassemia is a common genetic disease in Iran, especially in the north and south of Iran. The present study sought to determine the survival rate of patients with thalassemia in highly endemic regions of Iran and its variation in patients born before and after 1971.
METHODS
The present historical cohort study extracted data from the health records of patients with beta-thalassemia major, beta-thalassemia intermedia, and sickle beta-thalassemia who had presented to thalassemia treatment centers in the past years. The collected data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test, the log-rank test, and the chi-square test.
RESULTS
Of the total of 5,491 medical records (2,647 men and 2,634 women; mean age, 23.81±11.32 years), 3,936 belonged to patients with beta-thalassemia major, and 999 and 89 to patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia and sickle beta-thalassemia, respectively. In 467 cases, the type of thalassemia was not clear. The cumulative survival rate was calculated as 0.92, 0.83, 0.74, and 0.51 by ages 25, 35, 45, and 55, respectively. The hazard ratio of death was 4.22 (p<0.05) for beta-thalassemia major and 0.77 for beta-thalassemia intermedia (p=0.70). It was calculated as 1.45 for men patients and as 3.82 for single patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study showed relatively high survival rates in patients with thalassemia. The survival of patients was unfavorable in poorer regions (Zahedan and Iranshahr). Factors including women gender, a higher level of education, being married, and living in metropolises decreased the risk of death at younger ages and improved survival.
Summary

Citations

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  • Beta thalassemia: Looking to the future, addressing unmet needs and challenges
    Michael Angastiniotis
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.2024; 1532(1): 63.     CrossRef
  • Predicting factors of survival rates among alpha- and beta-thalassemia patients: a retrospective 10-year data analysis
    Kunapa Iam-arunthai, Tawatchai Suwanban, Pravinwan Thungthong, Supat Chamnanchanunt, Suthat Fucharoen
    Frontiers in Hematology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Serum Ferritin Levels and Sarcopenia in Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patient
    Rendra Prasetya Saefudin, Siprianus Ugroseno Yudho Bintoro, Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko, Merlyna Savitri, Lukita Pradhevi, Agustinus Vincent, Michael Austin Pradipta Lusida, Kartika Afrida Fauzia
    Biomolecular and Health Science Journal.2024; 7(2): 125.     CrossRef
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    Nahid Zarifsanaiey, Roghaye Sajjadian, Zahra Karimian, Laleh Khojasteh, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki
    Nursing Open.2023; 10(4): 2329.     CrossRef
  • The Need for Translational Epidemiology in Beta Thalassemia Syndromes
    Soteris Soteriades, Michael Angastiniotis, Dimitrios Farmakis, Androulla Eleftheriou, Aurelio Maggio
    Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America.2023; 37(2): 261.     CrossRef
  • Desire for biological parenthood and patient counseling on the risk of infertility among adolescents and adults with hemoglobinopathies
    Anne‐Catherine Radauer‐Plank, Tamara Diesch‐Furlanetto, Monika Schneider, Greta Sommerhäuser, Lucía Alácan Friedrich, Vivienne Salow, Jill Dülberg, Miriam Diepold, Alicia Rovó, Linet Muthoni Njue, Beatrice Drexler, Laura Infanti, Sabine Kroiss, Ramona Mer
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  • Systematic Literature Review Shows Gaps in Data on Global Prevalence and Birth Prevalence of Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait: Call for Action to Scale Up and Harmonize Data Collection
    Raffaella Colombatti, Inga Hegemann, Morten Medici, Camilla Birkegård
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(17): 5538.     CrossRef
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    Xuemei Zhen, Jing Ming, Runqi Zhang, Shuo Zhang, Jing Xie, Baoguo Liu, Zijing Wang, Xiaojie Sun, Lizheng Shi
    Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Julian Hurtado, Hassan Sellak, Giji Joseph, Caitlin V. Lewis, Crystal R. Naudin, Sergio Garcia, James Robert Wodicka, David R. Archer, W. Robert Taylor
    American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology.2023; 325(5): H1133.     CrossRef
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    Samantha Lai Ka Lee, Raymond Siu Ming Wong, Chi Kong Li, Wing Kwan Leung
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    SarkarS Aziz, BahraK Hamad, HeroO Hamad, MuzhdaI Qader, EmanN Ali, RayanH Muhammed, MudhirSabir Shekha
    Iraqi Journal of Hematology.2022; 11(1): 19.     CrossRef
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    Antonis Kattamis, Janet L Kwiatkowski, Yesim Aydinok
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Experiences of and barriers to transition-related healthcare among Korean transgender adults: focus on gender identity disorder diagnosis, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery
Hyemin Lee, Jooyoung Park, Bokyoung Choi, Horim Yi, Seung-Sup Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018005.   Published online February 27, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018005
  • 32,932 View
  • 457 Download
  • 36 Web of Science
  • 37 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Transgender people may encounter barriers to transition-related healthcare services. This study aimed to investigate the experiences of transition-related healthcare and barriers to those procedures among transgender adults in Korea.
METHODS
In 2017, we conducted a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 278 transgender adults, which named Rainbow Connection Project II, in Korea. We assessed the prevalence of transition-related healthcare, including gender identity disorder (GID) diagnosis, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery. To understand the barriers to those procedures, we also asked participants for their reasons for not receiving each procedure. Further, this study examined their experiences of and the reasons for using non-prescribed hormone medications.
RESULTS
Of transgender people participated in the survey, 91.0% (n=253/278) were diagnosed with GID, 88.0% (n=243/276) received hormone therapy, and 42.4% (n=115/271) have had any kind of sex reassignment surgery. Cost was the most common barrier to transition-related healthcare among Korean transgender adults. Other common barriers were identified as follows: negative experiences in healthcare settings, lack of specialized healthcare professionals and facilities, and social stigma against transgender people. Among those who had taken hormone medications, 25.1% (n=61/243) reported that they had ever purchased them without a prescription.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that barriers to transition-related healthcare exist in Korea and constrain transgender individuals’ safe access to the needed healthcare. Institutional interventions are strongly recommended to improve access to transition-related healthcare. These interventions include provision of programs to train Korean healthcare professionals and expansion of national health insurance to include these procedures.
Summary
Korean summary
- 본 연구는 한국 성인 트랜스젠더의 정신과진단, 호르몬요법, 성전환수술의 경험과 그 과정에서 마주하는 장벽에 대해 파악하고자 했다. 전체 트랜스젠더 중 성주체성장애 진단을 받은 참여자는 91.0%(N=253/278), 호르몬요법을 현재 받고 있거나 과거에 받은 경험이 있는 참여자는 88.0%(N=243/276), 한 가지 종류 이상 성전환수술을 받은 참여자는 42.4%(N=115/271)였다. 트랜스젠더가 의료적 트랜지션 과정에서 경험하는 가장 큰 장벽으로는 의료적 조치에 소요되는 비용인 것으로 밝혀졌다.

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Factors affecting cognitive function according to gender in community-dwelling elderly individuals
Miwon Kim, Jeong-Mo Park
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017054.   Published online November 15, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017054
  • 15,968 View
  • 293 Download
  • 36 Web of Science
  • 36 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the cognitive function of elderly people in a community by gender.
METHODS
We obtained 4,878 secondary data of people aged ≥65 years in 2016 at a dementia prevention center in Gyeyang-gu, Incheon. Data were obtained through Mini-Mental Status Examination optimized for screening dementia and a questionnaire. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical regression.
RESULTS
There were significant differences in cognitive function according to gender, and the differences were significant even when age was controlled, but gender differences disappeared when education was controlled. Age, education, social activities, number of comorbid diseases, and alcohol drinking affected cognitive function through interaction with gender, but interaction with gender disappeared when education was controlled. Regression analysis showed that depression, cohabitant, social activities etc., had a significant impact on both men and women under controlled education and age. In men, the effect of social activities was greater than that of women, and hyperlipidemia had the effect only in women.
CONCLUSIONS
The differences in gender-related cognitive functions were due to differences in gender education period. The period of education is considered to have a great influence on cognitive function in relation to the economic level, occupation, and social activity.
Summary
Korean summary
연구결과 성별에 따른 인지기능의 차이는 성별 교육기간의 차이에서 기인된 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 연령, 교육, 사회활동, 동거인, 질병수, 음주가 성별과의 상호작용을 통해 인지기능에 영향을 미쳤으나 교육을 통제 하였을 때 성별과의 상호작용이 사라져 이들 변수들과 성별의 상호작용에 교육이 관련됨을 확인하였다. 회귀 분석결과 교육과 연령을 통제한 상태에서 우울, 동거인, 사회 활동 등 인지기능에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 남녀가 동일하였다.

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Decomposing Gender Disparity in Total Physical Activity among Iranian Adults
Ebrahim Rahimi, Seyed Saeed Hashemi-Nazari, Koorosh Etemad, Hamid Soori
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017044.   Published online October 16, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017044
  • 14,271 View
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  • 6 Web of Science
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
While gender differences in physical activity (PA) have been reported, their origin is not well understood. The present study aimed to identify factors contributing to this disparity.
METHODS
This was a population-based cross-sectional study based on the 2011 surveillance of risk factors of non-communicable diseases that was conducted among Iranian adults. Multi-staged sampling was performed to obtain the required study sample. The primary outcome was gender differences in the prevalence of sufficient physical activity (SPA). Total physical activity (TPA) was calculated as metabolic equivalents (MET) per minute during a typical week, as recommended by the World Health Organization. On this basis, achieving 600 MET-min/wk or more was defined as SPA. The nonlinear Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition technique was used to explain the disparity.
RESULTS
The predicted gap was 19.50%. About one-third of the gap was due to differences in the level of observable covariates. Among them, work status contributed the most (29.61%). A substantial portion of the gap remained unexplained by such differences, of which about 40.41% was related to unobservable variables. The differential effects of standard of living, ethnicity, and smoking status made the largest contribution, accounting for 37.36, 35.47, and 28.50%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Interventions to reduce the gender gap in PA should focus on increasing TPA among housewives and women with chronic diseases, as well as those with a higher standard of living. In addition, it is essential to explore the impact of ethnicity and smoking status on women’s TPA in order to promote health.
Summary

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