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Original Articles
Personal, community, and societal factors associated with mukbang viewing among adolescents: findings from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Cynthia Yursun Yoon, Seungha Shin, Haemi Jun, Hyeeun Park, Minseo Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025055.   Published online September 30, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025055
  • 3,590 View
  • 121 Download
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
<i>Mukbang</i> refers to livestreamed videos in which hosts consume large amounts of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods while interacting with viewers. <i>Mukbang</i> is widely viewed by Korean adolescents and has been associated with adverse health outcomes. To inform efforts to prevent excessive engagement with <i>mukbang</i> content among Korean adolescents, this study examined personal, community, and societal factors associated with excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing (≥7 times/wk) and explored gender differences in these associations.
METHODS
Data were drawn from the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n=36,990; mean age, 15.1±1.7 years; 48.6% girls; 53.2% attending middle school). Self-reported measures included personal (e.g., perceived health, weight, stress, depression, anxiety), community (e.g., living arrangement), and societal factors (e.g., socioeconomic status) and <i>mukbang</i> viewing frequency. Logistic and modified Poisson regression models were used to examine associations with excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing and to evaluate differences by gender.
RESULTS
Intrapersonal factors—namely perceived health, weight, stress, depression, and anxiety—were associated with excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing (adjusted prevalence ratios, 1.18 to 1.44), with more pronounced relationships among girls. A community-level factor—living arrangement—displayed a significant association in boys but not in girls. Boys living on campus had 1.42 times the prevalence of excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing than boys residing with family members (95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.88) after adjustment. Further mutual adjustment attenuated estimates toward the null. Societal factors were not significantly associated with excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing among adolescents.
CONCLUSIONS
Personal and community factors were associated with excessive <i>mukbang</i> viewing. Future research should investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Summary
Korean summary
- 건강 인식 저하, 스트레스, 우울, 불안 등 개인적인 요인은 과도한 먹방 시청과 관련이 있었으며, 특히 여학생에게서 두드러져, 정서적 어려움이 먹방을 정서 조절이나 사회적 연결의 수단으로 활용할 가능성을 시사한다 - 기숙사에 거주하는 남학생이 가족과 거주하는 남학생보다 과도하게 먹방을 시청할 가능성이 높았으며, 이는 또래 영향과 지역사회의 환경이 먹방 시청에 중요한 역할을 함을 보여준다 - 사회경제적 수준은 과도한 먹방 시청과 유의한 관련은 없었으며, 이는 모든 청소년을 대상으로 정서적 건강과 건강한 미디어 사용을 촉진하는 보편적 예방 전략이 필요함을 시사한다
Key Message
- Personal factors such as poor perceived health, stress, depression, and anxiety were strongly related to excessive mukbang viewing, particularly among girls, suggesting that emotional distress may drive girls to engage with mukbang as a form of coping or personal connection - Among boys, those living on campus were more likely to view mukbang excessively than those living with family, indicating that community environment and peer influence may contribute to higher engagement in mukbang - Socioeconomic status was not significantly associated with excessive mukbang viewing, implying that prevention efforts should address emotional well-being and healthy media use across all adolescents, regardless of the background
Behavioral and psychosocial factors associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Korean adolescents: a path analysis using the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Hye-Young Park, Soo Rack Ryu, Hoon-Ki Park, Hwan-Sik Hwang, Kye-Yeung Park
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025047.   Published online August 21, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025047
  • 5,636 View
  • 109 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Rising obesity rates among adolescents are a major global health concern and are closely linked to the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). This study aimed to identify key behavioral and psychosocial factors influencing SSB consumption among adolescents.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2022 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which included 49,548 participants aged 12-18 years. Information on SSB consumption frequency, socio-demographic characteristics, eating habits, sedentary behaviors, and other health-related factors was collected through self-administered questionnaires. Path analysis was used to model SSB consumption and estimate the direct and indirect effects of modifiable factors.
RESULTS
Male students, current alcohol drinkers, those with higher frequencies of fast-food or late-night snack consumption, and heavy smartphone users were more likely to frequently consume SSBs. Fast-food intake had the strongest direct effect on SSB consumption (B=0.3884), while nighttime eating showed a substantial direct effect (B=0.1437) and mediated 21.7% of the relationship between fast-food intake and SSB consumption. Leisure sitting time exerted both direct (B=0.0741) and indirect effects on SSB intake, mediated through watching mukbang, smartphone use, fast-food consumption, and nighttime eating. Self-perceived health status was negatively associated with SSB consumption (B=-0.0619), with indirect effects mediated by fast-food intake and nighttime eating.
CONCLUSIONS
Among Korean adolescents, SSB consumption was strongly associated with unhealthy eating patterns and prolonged leisure sitting time. Increased fast-food consumption, nighttime eating, watching mukbang, smartphone use, and negative self-perceived health status not only directly influenced SSB intake, but also acted as mediating factors.
Summary
Korean summary
바람직하지 않은 식습관과 과도한 스마트폰 사용은 한국 청소년의 당음료 섭취와 밀접한 관련이 있습니다. 특히 패스트푸드와 야식은 주요한 매개 요인으로 작용하여, 이러한 행동을 줄이면 당음료 섭취를 효과적으로 낮출 수 있습니다. 본 연구는 청소년을 위한 맞춤형 공중보건 개입 전략 수립에 근거를 제공합니다.
Key Message
Unhealthy eating behaviors and excessive screen time are strongly linked to sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption among Korean adolescents. Fast-food intake and nighttime snacking act as major mediators, suggesting that reducing these behaviors could significantly decrease SSB intake. These findings provide evidence to guide targeted public health interventions for adolescents.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, waist-to-height ratio and psychological symptoms among Chinese adolescents
    Lu Li, Ting Wei, Feng Zhang, Tianyu Zhou
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
Higher energy consumption in the evening is associated with increased odds of obesity and metabolic syndrome: findings from the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (7th KNHANES)
Sarang Jeong, Hajoung Lee, Sukyoung Jung, Jee Young Kim, Sohyun Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023087.   Published online September 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023087
  • 18,330 View
  • 246 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Chrono-nutrition emphasizes meal timing in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. This study explores the impact of temporal dietary patterns (TDPs) on obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Korean adults aged 20 years to 65 years.
METHODS
We utilized dynamic time warping method and Kernel k-means clustering to investigate diet quality and the odds ratios (ORs) of obesity and MetS with different TDPs using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
RESULTS
Participants were divided into three groups based on relative energy intake over 24 hours. After adjusting for age and gender, Cluster 3 (with the highest proportion of energy intake in the evening) had the lowest Healthy Eating Index scores compared to other clusters. Following adjustment for key covariates, Cluster 3 showed the highest values for body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Compared to Cluster 1 (with a lower proportion of energy intake in the evening), Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 had ORs for obesity of 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 1.30) and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.37), respectively. For MetS, the ORs were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.08 to 1.48) and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.61) when comparing Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 to Cluster 1.
CONCLUSIONS
This study reveals that individuals with higher energy intake in the evening have increased odds of obesity and MetS, even after adjusting for major covariates, including age and total energy intake.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 하루 중 주요 에너지 섭취 사간에 따른 인구사회학적 특징과 건강지표의 상관성을 분석하였다. 제 7기 국민건강영양조사의 20~65세의 한국 성인을 대상으로 Dynamic Time Warping 방법을 이용하여 군집을 나누어 분석한 결과, 하루 중 저녁시간에 에너지 섭취가 높은 그룹이 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 연령이 낮고, 흡연자, 음주자, 스트레스를 느끼는 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 또한, 저녁에 에너지 섭취 비율이 높은 그룹이 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 체질량지수, 허리둘레, 혈압, 총 콜레스테롤, 중성지방이 높았으며, 식생활 평가 지수가 가장 낮았다. 마지막으로 하루 섭취하는 총 에너지 양과 생활습관 변수를 보정하고도 저녁에 섭취하는 에너지가 많은 그룹은 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 비만 및 대사 증후군 유병이 더 높은 것으로 나타났다.
Key Message
• This study examined the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and health indicators based on the timing of major energy intake during the day. • Using the Dynamic Time Warping method, the analysis revealed that the group with higher evening energy intake was younger and had a higher proportion of smokers, alcohol consumers, and individuals experiencing stress. • Additionally, the group with higher evening energy intake exhibited higher levels of obesity and metabolic syndrome, even after adjusting for total daily energy intake and lifestyle variables.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association Between Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Risk in 1462 Adults from the General Population: Mediation Analysis of Body Fat Percentage and Waist-to-Height Ratio
    Alexander Javier Iman Torres, Jessy Patricia Vásquez Chumbe, Jorge Armando Sifuentes Da Silva, Roger Ruiz-Paredes, Alenguer Gerónimo Alva Arévalo, Wilson Guerra Sangama, Antonio Castillo-Paredes, Jose Jairo Narrea Vargas
    Metabolites.2026; 16(4): 243.     CrossRef
  • Dietary calcium intake in relation to metabolic syndrome in adults: A systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies with GRADE assessment
    Roxana Nematbakhsh, Parisa Rouhani, Parvane Saneei
    Obesity Reviews.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association
    Seth S. Martin, Aaron W. Aday, Norrina B. Allen, Zaid I. Almarzooq, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Pankaj Arora, Christy L. Avery, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Nisha Bansal, Andrea Z. Beaton, Yvonne Commodore-Mensah, Maria E. Currie, Mitchell S.V. Elkind, Wenjun Fan, G
    Circulation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Circadian and temporal eating patterns in relation to metabolic syndrome in Iranian women
    Azadeh Lesani, Mansooreh Sadat Mojani-Qomi
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interaction between chronotype and ultra-processed food intake on triglyceride-glucose index in Korean adults
    Sarang Jeong, Eunjin Jang, Sukyoung Jung, Jinhyun Kim, Minjeong Jeong, Dahye Han, Sohyun Park
    Nutrition Research and Practice.2025; 19(4): 591.     CrossRef
  • Association of Dietary Fiber and Measures of Physical Fitness with High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
    Ming-Zhen Su, Suyeon Lee, Dayeon Shin
    Nutrients.2024; 16(6): 888.     CrossRef
  • Advances in Gut Microbiota-Targeted Therapeutics for Metabolic Syndrome
    Yu Gao, Wujuan Li, Xiaoyu Huang, Yuhong Lyu, Changwu Yue
    Microorganisms.2024; 12(5): 851.     CrossRef
Regional differences in the associations of diet quality, obesity, and possible sarcopenia using the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018)
Hyeongyeong Lee, Sohyun Park
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023059.   Published online June 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023059
  • 19,633 View
  • 182 Download
  • 10 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Sarcopenic obesity is closely related to aging and the prevalence of various chronic diseases and frailty. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether diet quality is related to obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity, and if so, to explore the difference in that relationship between urban and rural settings.
METHODS
Using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 2016-2018, a total of 7,151 participants aged 40 years or older were analyzed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using handgrip strength. Diet quality was assessed using Korea Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) scores, and obesity was determined based on participants’ abdominal circumference. Multinomial logistic analysis was used for testing statistical significance.
RESULTS
Rural participants had significantly lower KHEI scores and a higher prevalence of sarcopenic obesity than urban participants. The study findings demonstrate that participants without obesity, sarcopenia, or sarcopenic obesity had significantly higher KHEI scores in both rural and urban settings. Multinomial regression analysis further revealed that a higher KHEI score was associated with a lower risk of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among urban residents, while only the risk of obesity was lower with higher diet quality scores among rural residents.
CONCLUSIONS
Since diet quality and health status were lower in rural areas, it is important to address this regional disparity with appropriate policy measures. To mitigate urban health disparities, urban residents in poor health with few resources should also be supported.
Summary

Citations

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  • Comparison of nutrients and ultra-processed food consumption between different phenotypes defined by abdominal obesity and sarcopenia
    Eunjin Jang, Sarang Jeong, Jinhyun Kim, Sukyoung Jung, Jee Young Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Sohyun Park, Jang Won Son
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • National trends of metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2007 to 2021: A representative serial study in South Korea
    Ji Ho Kim, Yesol Yim, Hyunyi Yoo, Hyunjeong Kim, Selin Woo, Yerin Hwang, Dong Keon Yon
    Medicine.2026; 105(9): e47797.     CrossRef
  • Association between triglyceride-glucose index and sarcopenic obesity in adults: a population-based study
    Zhengmei Zhao, Ruiting Cai, Lili Tao, Yuxiao Sun, Keping Sun
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of Dietary Guideline Adherence and Risk of Sarcopenia in Elder Taiwanese
    Yih‐Jin Liou, Edward Giovannucci, Wu‐Chien Chien, Li‐Wei Wu
    Food Science & Nutrition.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association Between the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) and Healthcare Costs Among Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016 and 2021
    Soyoung Kim, Minseon Park
    Nutrients.2025; 17(13): 2237.     CrossRef
  • Associations between diet quality and regional factors in Korea vary according to individuals’ characteristics: a cross-sectional study
    Hyunmi Han, Clara Yongjoo Park, Jeonghwa Lee
    Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2025; 30(4): 274.     CrossRef
  • Individual- and neighborhood-level factors influencing diet quality: a multilevel analysis using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2010-2019
    Dahyun Park, Min-Jeong Shin, S V Subramanian, Clara Yongjoo Park, Rockli Kim
    Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025043.     CrossRef
  • Association of Dietary Protein Sources and Their Adequacy, Body Composition and Risk of Sarcopenic Obesity in South Korean Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Jieun Kim, Kyoungsik Jeong, Sueun Lim, Siwoo Lee, Younghwa Baek
    Metabolites.2024; 14(2): 130.     CrossRef
  • Association of Combining Diet and Physical Activity on Sarcopenia and Obesity in Elderly Koreans with Diabetes
    Sohye Kim, Soojeong Kim, Kyung Hee Hong
    Nutrients.2024; 16(7): 964.     CrossRef
  • Longitudinal association between soft drink consumption and handgrip strength in adults: a prospective analysis from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) cohort study
    Tongfeng Liu, Shengxin Quan, Ge Meng, Hongmei Wu, Yeqing Gu, Shunming Zhang, Xuena Wang, Juanjuan Zhang, Qing Zhang, Li Liu, Shaomei Sun, Xing Wang, Ming Zhou, Qiyu Jia, Kun Song, Zhongze Fang, Kaijun Niu
    British Journal of Nutrition.2024; 131(12): 1997.     CrossRef
  • Sex-Specific Effects of Dietary Factors on Sarcopenic Obesity in Korean Elderly: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study
    Soojeong Kim, Kyung Hee Hong
    Nutrients.2024; 16(8): 1175.     CrossRef
Methods
Development and validation of the Pediatric-Youth Hyperphagia Assessment for Prader-Willi syndrome
Sung Yoon Cho, Danbee Kang, Minji Im, Aram Yang, Min-Sun Kim, Jiyeon Kim, Eu-Seon Noh, Eun Kyung Kwon, Eujin Choi, Sunju Han, Young Ah Park, Min Jung Kwak, Youngha Kim, Juhee Cho, Dong-Kyu Jin
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022014.   Published online January 10, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022014
  • 21,328 View
  • 434 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Hyperphagia is a highly stressful, life-threatening feature of Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). It is important to assess this complex behavior accurately over time. This study aimed to develop and validate the Pediatric-Youth Hyperphagia Assessment for Prader-Willi syndrome (PYHAP) as a tool targeting children and adolescents.
METHODS
After an extensive literature review and qualitative interviews, the final version of the PYHAP with 14 questions in 3 domains (verbal [5], behavior [4], and social [5]) was developed and tested at Samsung Medical Center in Seoul, Korea from July 2018 to September 2019. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to confirm construct validity. The correlations between the PYHAP and the Korean Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (K-CEBQ) were calculated to evaluate convergent and discriminant validity. Criterion validity and the validity of the response categories were also tested.
RESULTS
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the PYHAP was 0.91. The fit indices for CFA were good (comparative fit index, 0.87; standardized root mean squared residual, 0.08). The domains of the PYHAP were closely correlated with the relevant domains of the K-CEBQ. The accuracy of the PYHAP score for predicting uncontrolled hyperphagia was good (area under the curve, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 0.85).
CONCLUSIONS
The PYHAP was confirmed to be a reliable and valid tool to evaluate hyperphagia in children and adolescents with PWS via caregivers’ assessments. It is recommended to use the PYHAP to communicate with parents or caregivers about patients’ hyperphagia or to monitor and manage extreme behaviors in children with PWS.
Summary
Korean summary
프래더 윌리 증후군에서 '조절되지 않는 식욕'은 환자의 수명과 삶의 질에 매우 중요한 문제로, 최근 식욕 억제제 개발을 위한 연구가 활발히 이뤄지고 있으나 약제의 유효성을 객관적으로 평가하는 도구는 부족한 상황입니다. 본 연구는 주부양자를 통하여 평가가 가능한 프래더윌리 증후군 소아청소년 환자들의 식욕심각도 평가도구를 개발하였고, 그것의 신뢰성과 타당성을 입증하였습니다.
Key Message
Pediatric-Youth Hyperphagia Assessment for Prader-Willi syndrome (PYHAP) is a reliable and valid tool to evaluate hyperphagia in children and adolescents with PWS via caregivers’ assessments.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Evaluation of the reliability and internal consistency of the child eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ) in spanish schoolchildren and its association with obesity
    Andrea Calderón García, Roberto Pedrero‐Tomé, Ana Alaminos‐Torres, Noemí López‐Ejeda, María Sánchez Álvarez, Consuelo Prado Martínez, Jesús Román Martínez Álvarez, María Dolores Marrodán Serrano
    Brain and Behavior.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Improving the diagnosis of hyperphagia in melanocortin‐4 receptor pathway diseases
    M. Jennifer Abuzzahab, Beatrice Dubern, Anthony P. Goldstone, Andrea M. Haqq, Steven B. Heymsfield, Jennifer L. Miller, Jesse Richards, Martin Wabitsch, Jack A. Yanovski
    Obesity.2025; 33(7): 1217.     CrossRef
  • Parent and caregiver report questionnaires for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review
    Catriona Windsor, Sangwon Yoon, Tingwei Zhang, Chung Eun Lee, Åste Marie Mjelve Hagen, David Hoff, Bas. J. Heijnen, Renée Speyer
    International Journal of Developmental Disabilities.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
Original Article
The Factors Associated with the Abnormal Eating Behavior in University Hospital's Nurses.
Young Geon Ji, Su Jin Kim, Hyung Gon Kang
Korean J Epidemiol. 2005;27(1):108-117.
  • 65,535 View
  • 26 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To compare eating behavior according to the shift work and to find the factors associated with the abnormal eating behavior in university hospital's nurses.
METHODS
For this assessment, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 university hospital's nurses. Nurses were questioned with self-reported questionnaire forms. After excluding cases with incomplete data, 276 cases are enrolled in the study. To find the factors associated with the abnormal eating behavior, we conducted multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
The proportions of shift work nurses were 63.77%(176 cases). The proportions of abnormal eating behavior among shift work nurses were 22.73%(40 cases), but only 6.00%(6 cases) among non-shift work nurses had the abnormal eating behavior. Considering the shift work period, the proportions of abnormal eating behavior were 31.25%, 22.92% and 17.50% in case of shift work period were less than 1 year, 1~3 years and more than 3 years, respectively. The abnormal eating behavior was associated with having shift work, doing exercise, more weekly working hours, being on a diet and having perception of overweight. But age and body mass index were not influenced the abnormal eating behavior.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we found that the factors associated with the abnormal eating behavior are the shift work, exercise, weekly working hours, perception of overweight and diet.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.
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