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1 "Sung-Bin Hong"
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Original Article
Prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2021
Sung-Bin Hong, Ji-Eun Kim, Seung Seok Han, Joseph J. Shearer, Jungnam Joo, Ji-Yeob Choi, Véronique L. Roger
Epidemiol Health. 2025;47:e2025005.   Published online February 14, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2025005
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  • 6 Web of Science
  • 8 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently defined cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome to better characterize the associations among cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases. Although about 9 in 10 United States adults have at least 1 risk factor for CKM syndrome, its prevalence in other populations is less understood. To fill this gap, we examined the prevalence of CKM syndrome in Korea and its association with demographic and socioeconomic status (SES).
METHODS
Using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2011 and 2021, we calculated the prevalence of CKM syndrome across the following stages: stage 0 (no risk factors), stage 1 (excess or dysfunctional adiposity), stage 2 (other metabolic risk factors or chronic kidney disease), and stages 3-4 (subclinical/clinical cardiovascular diseases) among adults aged ≥20 years. Weighted analyses were used to estimate prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each CKM syndrome stage, stratified by age, gender, and SES factors.
RESULTS
Among 54,994 Korean adults, the prevalence of CKM syndrome was as follows: stage 0 (25.2%; 95% CI, 24.7 to 25.8), stage 1 (19.3%; 95% CI, 18.9 to 19.7), stage 2 (51.6%; 95% CI, 51.1 to 52.2), and stages 3-4 (3.9%; 95% CI, 3.7 to 4.0). The prevalence of stages 2 and 3-4 was higher in men than in women. In addition, stages 3-4 were more prevalent among rural residents and those with lower education or income.
CONCLUSIONS
About 3 out of 4 Koreans are at risk for CKM syndrome. These findings highlight that CKM syndrome is a global health problem and that interventions are urgently needed to prevent further progression.
Summary
Korean summary
최근, 심장-신장-대사 증후군을 하나로 묶어 관리하는 것의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구 결과 20세 이상의 한국 성인들의 74.8%가 심장-신장-대사 증후군의 위험군에 속해 있었다. 또한 그 정도가 증가하는 추세로 나타나 적절한 관리가 필요해 보인다.
Key Message
Recently, the need for an integrated approach to managing cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome has been emphasized. This study found that 74.8% of Korean adults aged 20 and older had a risk for CKM syndrome. Moreover, the prevalence is increasing, highlighting the necessity of proper management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Stage-specific risks of mortality and renal outcomes in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: findings from a nationwide Japanese cohort
    Kenta Fujimoto, Masao Kikuchi, Michikazu Nakai, Tsuneo Konta, Kunitoshi Iseki, Kazuhiko Tsuruya, Kunihiro Yamagata, Ichiei Narita, Toshiki Moriyama, Yugo Shibagaki, Masato Kasahara, Masahide Kondo, Koichi Asahi, Tsuyoshi Watanabe, Koichi Kaikita, Shouichi
    Clinical and Experimental Nephrology.2026; 30(3): 434.     CrossRef
  • 2026 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association
    Latha P. Palaniappan, Norrina B. Allen, Zaid I. Almarzooq, Cheryl A.M. Anderson, Pankaj Arora, Christy L. Avery, Carissa M. Baker-Smith, Nisha Bansal, Maria E. Currie, Rebecca S. Earlie, Wenjun Fan, Jessica L. Fetterman, Bethany Barone Gibbs, Debra G. Hea
    Circulation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Prevalence of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Published Estimates and New Findings from BRFSS Surveys
    Steven S. Coughlin, Nikul Parikh, Ashley Oh, Biplab Datta, Marlo Vernon, Jennifer Sullivan
    Cardiovascular Medicine.2026; 29(1): 5.     CrossRef
  • Residual cholesterol inflammatory index and its prognostic role in mortality among individuals with cardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndrome stages 0–3 based on U.S. and Chinese national cohorts
    Shouxin Wei, Sijia Yu, Chuan Qian, Zhengwen Xu, Yindong Jia
    European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship between estimated pulse wave velocity trajectories and cardiovascular disease risk in patients with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0–3
    Tingting Chen, Huangyi Yin, Yubo Zhou, Min Liang
    Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2025; 35(11): 104192.     CrossRef
  • The Reply
    Ji-Eun Kim, Véronique L. Roger, Joseph J. Shearer
    The American Journal of Medicine.2025; 138(8): e163.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome in Lithuanian Adults: Insights from a Nationwide Real-World Study Using Electronic Health Records
    Gediminas Urbonas, Indrė Čeponienė, Inga Arūnė Bumblytė, Marius Miglinas, Lina Gatelytė, Živilė Steponkutė, Aušra Degutytė, Ingrida Grabauskytė, Džilda Veličkienė
    Medicina.2025; 61(12): 2106.     CrossRef
  • Data-driven cluster analysis identifies distinct types of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
    Mengge Yang, Chang Su, Xiaona Chang, Guang Wang, Jia Liu
    European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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