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Original Articles
Genetic associations and parent-of-origin effects of PVRL1 in non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate across multiple ethnic populations
Ji Wan Park, Geon Kang, Seung-Hak Baek, Young Ho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024069.   Published online August 9, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024069
  • 2,498 View
  • 241 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the associations of <i>PVRL1</i> gene variants with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) by evaluating transmission distortion and parent-of-origin (POO) effects in multiple ethnic populations.
METHODS
We conducted allelic and genotypic transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) on 10 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) in <i>PVRL1</i> using data from 142 Korean families with an affected child. POO effects were analyzed using the POO likelihood ratio test, comparing transmission rates of maternally and paternally inherited alleles. To assess generalizability and ethnic heterogeneity, we compared results from Korean families with data from the Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, which included 2,226 individuals from 497 European and 245 Asian trios.
RESULTS
TDT analysis identified significant over-transmission of the rs7940667 (G361V) C allele in Korean families (p=0.007), a finding replicated in both Asian (p=6.5×10<sup>-7</sup>) and European families (p=1.6×10<sup>-10</sup>). Eight SNVs showed strong TDT evidence in larger Asian and European datasets after multiple comparison corrections (p<0.0073). Of these, 4 SNVs (rs7940667, rs7103685, rs7129848, and rs4409845) showed particularly robust association (p<5×10<sup>-8</sup>). POO analysis revealed significant maternal over-transmission of the rs10790330-A allele in Korean families (p=0.044). This finding was replicated in European families (p=9.0×10<sup>-4</sup>). Additionally, 3 other SNVs, rs7129848 (p=0.001) and the linked SNVs rs3935406 and rs10892434 (p=0.025), exhibited maternal over-transmission in the validation datasets.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide robust evidence supporting the associations of <i>PVRL1</i> variants with NSCL/P susceptibility. Further research is necessary to explore the potential clinical applications of these findings.
Summary
Comparison of HIV characteristics across 3 datasets: the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study prospective, retrospective, and national reporting system
Yunsu Choi, Jun Yong Choi, Bo Youl Choi, Bo Young Park, Shin-Woo Kim, Joon Young Song, Jung Ho Kim, Sang Il Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024055.   Published online June 18, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024055
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study has been conducted prospectively for 18 years. However, it faces limitations in representing the entire population of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Korea. To address these limitations and validate the study design, we analyzed characteristics across several HIV datasets.
METHODS
We compared epidemiological and clinical characteristics from 3 datasets: the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study (dataset 1, n=1,562), retrospective cohort data (dataset 2, n=2,665), and the national HIV reporting system of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) (dataset 3, n=17,403).
RESULTS
The demographic characteristics of age, sex, and age at HIV diagnosis did not differ significantly across datasets. However, dataset 3 contained a higher proportion of patients diagnosed after 2008 (69.5%) than the other datasets. Regarding transmission routes, same-sex contact accounted for a greater proportion of dataset 1 (59.8%) compared to datasets 2 (20.9%) and 3 (32.6%). The proportion of patients with CD4 T-cell counts below 200/mm<sup>3</sup> at HIV diagnosis was higher in datasets 1 (39.4%) and 2 (33.3%) compared to dataset 3 (16.3%). Initial HIV viral load measurements were not obtained for dataset 3.
CONCLUSIONS
The Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study demonstrated representativeness regarding the demographic characteristics of Korean patients. Of the sources, dataset 1 contained the most data on transmission routes. While the KDCA data encompassed all HIV patients, it lacked detailed clinical information. To improve the representativeness of the Korea HIV/AIDS Cohort Study, we propose expanding and revising the cohort design and enrolling more patients who have been recently diagnosed.
Summary
Korean summary
장기간 운영된 코호트 연구는 다양한 편향으로 인해 모집단의 대표성을 잃을 수 있다. 대표성을 높이기 위해서는 편향을 최소화하고 지속적으로 변화하는 임상 역학적 지침과 특성을 반영할 수 있어야 한다. 지난 18년간 운영된 한국 HIV/AIDS 코호트 연구에서는 코호트 연구 참여 기관에 방문하는 감염인 중 연구 참여자와 비참여자의 특성을 비교하고, 질병관리청 신고자료와의 분포를 비교한 결과, 코호트 연구에 참여하는 것만으로도 대상자 특성에 차이가 있음을 밝혔다. 이에 따라 편향을 최소화하고 대표성을 높일 수 있도록 코호트 연구 설계를 대대적으로 개편하고, 향후 지속될 연구 설계를 제안한다.
Association of decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate with lung cancer risk in the Korean population
Soonsu Shin, Min-Ho Kim, Chang-Mo Oh, Hyejin Chun, Eunhee Ha, Hyo Choon Lee, Seong Ho Moon, Dong-Young Lee, Dosang Cho, Sangho Lee, Min Hyung Jung, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024041.   Published online March 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024041
  • 4,253 View
  • 152 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Inconsistent results are available regarding the association between low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and lung cancer risk. We aimed to explore the risk of lung cancer according to eGFR category in the Korean population.
METHODS
We included 358,293 adults who underwent health checkups between 2009 and 2010, utilizing data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort. Participants were categorized into 3 groups based on their baseline eGFR, as determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation: group 1 (eGFR ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), group 2 (eGFR ≥60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), and group 3 (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). Incidences of lung cancer were identified using the corresponding codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were employed to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer incidence up to 2019.
RESULTS
In multivariate analysis, group 2 exhibited a 26% higher risk of developing lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.19 to 1.35). Furthermore, group 3 demonstrated a 72% elevated risk of lung cancer relative to group 1 (HR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.58 to 1.89). Among participants with dipstick proteinuria of 2+ or greater, group 3 faced a significantly higher risk of lung cancer than group 1 (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.37 to 6.24).
CONCLUSIONS
Low eGFR was significantly associated with increased lung cancer risk within the Korean population. A particularly robust association was observed in individuals with severe proteinuria, emphasizing the need for further investigation.
Summary
Korean summary
이번 연구에서는 한국인 인구집단에서 단백뇨와 동반된 낮은 사구체 여과율이 페암의 발생 위험을 증가시켰다. 이는 신장기능의 저하가 폐암의 위험을 증가시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. 신장기능이 저하된 환자들의 면밀한 추적관찰이 필요할 수 있다.
Key Message
Our research found that lower estimated glomerular filtration rate with proteinuria increased the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. These findings suggest that decreased kidney function may increase the risk of lung cancer, indicating the need for careful observation of patients with impaired kidney function.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Mendelian randomization study of the relationship between blood and urine biomarkers and lung cancer
    Haihua Huang, Haijun Zheng
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
The association between migraine and Parkinson’s disease: a nationwide cohort study in Korea
Woo-Seok Ha, Jaeho Kim, Hee Won Hwang, Sue Hyun Lee, Ji In Kim, Jin Yong Hong, Sang Hyun Park, Kyung Do Han, Min Seok Baek
Epidemiol Health. 2024;46:e2024010.   Published online December 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2024010
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Clinical studies have suggested an association between migraine and the occurrence of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is unknown whether migraine affects PD risk. We aimed to investigate the incidence of PD in patients with migraine and to determine the risk factors affecting the association between migraine and PD incidence.
METHODS
Using the Korean National Health Insurance System database (2002-2019), we enrolled all Koreans aged ≥40 years who participated in the national health screening program in 2009. International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) diagnostic codes and Rare Incurable Diseases System diagnostic codes were used to define patients with migraine (within 12 months of enrollment) and newly diagnosed PD.
RESULTS
We included 214,193 patients with migraine and 5,879,711 individuals without migraine. During 9.1 years of follow-up (55,435,626 person-years), 1,973 (0.92%) and 30,664 (0.52%) individuals with and without migraine, respectively, were newly diagnosed with PD. Following covariate adjustment, patients with migraine showed a 1.35-fold higher PD risk than individuals without migraine. The incidence of PD was not significantly different between patients with migraine with aura and those without aura. In males with migraine, underlying dyslipidemia increased the risk of PD (p=0.012). In contrast, among females with migraine, younger age (<65 years) increased the risk of PD (p=0.038).
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with migraine were more likely to develop PD than individuals without migraine. Preventive management of underlying comorbidities and chronic migraine may affect the incidence of PD in these patients. Future prospective randomized clinical trials are warranted to clarify this association.
Summary
Korean summary
편두통 환자들은 편두통이 없는 이들보다 장기적으로 파킨슨병이 발병할 위험이 더 높습니다. 더불어, 이 관계는 편두통의 아형(전조 vs. 무전조)보다는 편두통의 빈도(삽화성 vs. 만성)와 더 밀접한 연관성을 갖는 것으로 보입니다.
Key Message
Patients with migraine are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than individuals without migraine. Furthermore, this association appears to be more strongly linked to the frequency of migraines (episodic vs. chronic) rather than the subtype of migraine (with aura vs. without aura).
Changes in proteinuria and the associated risks of ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris in Korean population
Sung Keun Park, Ju Young Jung, Min-Ho Kim, Chang-Mo Oh, Eunhee Ha, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Soonsu Shin, Woo Yeon Hwang, Sangho Lee, So Youn Shin, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2023;45:e2023088.   Published online September 30, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2023088
  • 4,164 View
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Proteinuria is widely used to predict cardiovascular risk. However, there is insufficient evidence to predict how changes in proteinuria may affect the incidence of cardiovascular disease.
METHODS
The study included 265,236 Korean adults who underwent health checkups in 2003-2004 and 2007-2008. They were categorized into 4 groups based on changes in proteinuria (negative: negative → negative; resolved: proteinuria ≥1+ → negative; incident: negative → proteinuria ≥1+; persistent: proteinuria ≥1+ → proteinuria ≥1+). We conducted 6 years of follow-up to identify the risks of developing ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and angina pectoris according to changes in proteinuria. A multivariate Cox proportional-hazards model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident IHD, AMI, and angina pectoris.
RESULTS
The IHD risk (expressed as HR [95% CI]) was the highest for persistent proteinuria, followed in descending order by incident and resolved proteinuria, compared with negative proteinuria (negative: reference, resolved: 1.211 [95% CI, 1.104 to 1.329], incident: 1.288 [95% CI, 1.184 to 1.400], and persistent: 1.578 [95% CI, 1.324 to 1.881]). The same pattern was associated with AMI (negative: reference, resolved: 1.401 [95% CI, 1.048 to 1.872], incident: 1.606 [95% CI, 1.268 to 2.035], and persistent: 2.069 [95% CI, 1.281 to 3.342]) and angina pectoris (negative: reference, resolved: 1.184 [95% CI, 1.065 to 1.316], incident: 1.275 [95% CI, 1.160 to 1.401], and persistent: 1.554 [95% CI, 1.272 to 1.899]).
CONCLUSIONS
Experiencing proteinuria increased the risks of IHD, AMI, and angina pectoris even after proteinuria resolved.
Summary
Korean summary
- 본 연구의 목적은 요 시험지 검사를 통해 확인된 단백뇨의 3-5년간의 변화 수준에 따른 허혈성 심질환, 급성 심근 경색, 협심증의 발생 위험을 평가하는 것이다. - 지속적으로 단백뇨가 음성인 집단에 (negative proteinuria) 비해서, 단백뇨가 있었다 사라진 집단 (resolved proteinuria), 새로이 단백뇨가 생긴 집단 (incident proteinuria), 지속적으로 단백뇨가 존재하는 집단 (persistent proteinuria)은 유의하게 증가한 허혈성 심질환, 급성 심근 경색, 협심증의 발생 위험을 나타내었다. - 이러한 결과는 단백뇨가 일단 발생한 사람은, 나중에 사라지더라도, 관상 동맥 질환에 대한 위험이 높으며, 이에 대한 관리와 주의가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.
Key Message
- The present study was to evaluate the risk of incident ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris according to changes in urine dipstick proteinuria over 3-5 years. - Compared with persistently negative proteinuria (negative → negative), resolved proteinuria (positive → negative), incident proteinuria (negative → positive), and persistent proteinuria (positive → positive) had the increased risk of ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris. - These results suggest that once manifested proteinuria lead to the increased risk of coronary artery disease, regardless of changes in proteinuria.
The risk of gastric cancer according to changes in smoking status among Korean men
Sung Keun Park, Min-Ho Kim, Chang-Mo Oh, Eunhee Ha, Eun Hye Yang, Woo Yeon Hwang, Ann Hee You, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022086.   Published online October 7, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022086
  • 6,071 View
  • 213 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Smoking is a risk factor for gastric cancer. Studies have shown that the risk of gastric cancer can vary by smoking status and smoking amount at a single point in time. However, few data have been reported about the effect of changes in smoking status over time on the risk of gastric cancer.
METHODS
This study collected data from the National Health Insurance Corporation in Korea on 97,700 Korean men without gastric cancer who underwent health check-ups from 2002 to 2013. The smoking status (never smoked, quit smoking, and currently smoking) of study participants was assessed in 2003-2004 and 2009, and the results were categorized into 7 groups: never-never, never-quit, never-current, quit-quit, quit-current, current-quit, and current-current. Participants were followed until 2013 to identify incident gastric cancer. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident gastric cancer according to changes in smoking status and smoking amount (pack-years).
RESULTS
Compared with group 1 (never-never), participants currently smoking in 2009 (never-current, quit-current, and current-current) had higher HRs for gastric cancer (never-quit: 1.077; 95% CI, 0.887 to 1.306, never-current: 1.347; 95% CI, 0.983 to1.846, quit-quit: 1.086; 95% CI, 0.863 to 1.366, quit-current: 1.538; 95% CI, 1.042 to 2.269, current-quit: 1.339; 95% CI, 1.077 to 1.666, and current-current: 1.589; 95% CI, 1.355 to 1.864, respectively). The risk for gastric cancer was highest in heavy smokers, followed by moderate smokers.
CONCLUSIONS
In all categories of smoking status, current smoking was associated with the highest risk of gastric cancer. Heavy smoking was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, even in former smokers.
Summary
Korean summary
현재 흡연자의 경우 과거 흡연여부와 관계 없이 위암의 위험성이 가장 증가한다. 과거 흡연자의 경우에는 흡연량이 많은 경우에는 위암의 위험성이 증가한다. 이런 결과는 금연이나 흡연량을 줄이는 것이 위암의 위험성을 감소시키는데 매우 중요한 요인이란 것을 확인할 수 있다.
Key Message
Current smoking was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, regardless of previous smoking status. Although former smoking was not associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, former smokers with a history of heavy smoking had an increased risk of gastric cancer. These results suggest that smoking cessation and reducing smoking amounts are both important factors in reducing the risk of gastric cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Gastric dysplasia in random biopsies: the influence of Helicobacter pylori infection and alcohol consumption in the presence of a lesion
    Ana Isabel Ferreira, Tiago Lima Capela, Vítor Macedo Silva, Sofia Xavier, Pedro Boal Carvalho, Joana Magalhães, José Cotter
    Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 59(2): 125.     CrossRef
  • Lifestyle Behaviors in Patients With Gastric Cancer: Continuous Need for Alcohol Abstinence and Muscle Strength Training Education
    Ji Won Seo, Kyu Na Lee, Kyung Do Han, Ki Bum Park
    Journal of Gastric Cancer.2024; 24(3): 316.     CrossRef
  • Gastric cancer—Epidemiology, modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, challenges and opportunities: An updated review
    Tajul Islam Mamun, Sabrina Younus, Md. Hashibur Rahman
    Cancer Treatment and Research Communications.2024; 41: 100845.     CrossRef
The association of pancreatic cancer incidence with smoking status and smoking amount in Korean men
Do Jin Nam, Chang-Mo Oh, Eunhee Ha, Min-Ho Kim, Eun Hye Yang, Hyo Choon Lee, Soon Su Shin, Woo Yeon Hwang, Ann Hee You, Jae-Hong Ryoo
Epidemiol Health. 2022;44:e2022040.   Published online April 21, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022040
  • 11,032 View
  • 437 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Our study examined the dose-response relationship between smoking amounts (pack-years) and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer in Korean men.
METHODS
Of 125,743 participants who underwent medical health checkups in 2009, 121,408 were included in the final analysis and observed for the development of pancreatic cancer. We evaluated the associations between smoking amounts and incident pancreatic cancer in 4 groups classified by pack-year amounts. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident pancreatic cancer by comparing groups 2 (<20 pack-year smokers), 3 (20-≤40 pack-year smokers), and 4 (>40 pack-year smokers) with group 1 (never smokers).
RESULTS
During 527,974.5 person-years of follow-up, 245 incident cases of pancreatic cancer developed between 2009 and 2013. The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident pancreatic cancer in groups 2, 3, and 4 were 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45), 1.28 (0.91 to 1.80), and 1.57 (1.00 to 2.46), respectively (p for trend=0.025). The HR (95% CI) of former smokers showed a dose-response relationship in the unadjusted model, but did not show a statistically significant association in the multivariate-adjusted model. The HR (95% CI) of current smokers showed a dose-response relationship in both the unadjusted (p for trend=0.020) and multivariate-adjusted models (p for trend=0.050).
CONCLUSIONS
The risk of developing pancreatic cancer was higher in current smokers status than in former smokers among Korean men, indicating that smoking cessation may have a protective effect.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구에서는 대한민국 남성을 대상으로 흡연양 및 흡연상태에 따른 췌장암 발병을 분석하였다. 흡연양이 많을수록, 현재 흡연상태일수록 췌장암 발병이 높았고, 금연한 경우 췌장암의 발병이 낮은 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
Key Message
As a result of analyzing the incidence of pancreatic cancer according to the amount of smoking and smoking status among Korean men, it was confirmed that the more smoked and the current smoking status, the higher the incidence of pancreatic cancer, and the lower the incidence of pancreatic cancer when quitting smoking.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Childhood and adulthood passive and active smoking, and the ABO group as risk factors for pancreatic cancer in women
    Anne‐Laure Vedie, Nasser Laouali, Amandine Gelot, Gianluca Severi, Marie‐Christine Boutron‐Ruault, Vinciane Rebours
    United European Gastroenterology Journal.2024; 12(4): 440.     CrossRef
  • Progress in understanding of relationship between smoking and pancreatic injury
    Xue Wei, Jian-Yu Hao
    World Chinese Journal of Digestology.2024; 32(3): 203.     CrossRef
  • Associations between smoking status and infertility: a cross-sectional analysis among USA women aged 18-45 years
    Sijie He, Li Wan
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Modifiable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Risk Factors
    Natalia Michalak, Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(13): 4318.     CrossRef
COVID-19: Perspective
Herd immunity: challenges and the way forward in Korea
Jiyoung Oh, Sohyun Kim, Boyeong Ryu, Minjoung Shin, Bryan Inho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2021;43:e2021054.   Published online August 18, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021054
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  • 250 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
Vaccination is considered to be the most effective measure for preventing the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Many countries, including of Korea, are focusing on achieving herd immunity with the goal of reaching a vaccination rate of 70-80%. However, achieving herd immunity does not mean eradicating COVID-19, and the following challenges can occur in the process of achieving herd immunity. First, as the vaccination rate is likely to slow down over time, it is necessary to promote the benefits of vaccination through risk communication strategies and provide incentives for those who have been vaccinated. Second, a booster dose may be required depending on future studies on vaccine-induced immunity. Third, since variants capable of evading immunity and with higher transmissibility can emerge, rapid contract tracing and regular community genomic surveillance could help mitigate the impact of new variants. When the impact of COVID-19 is controlled to the level of seasonal influenza, the current public health measures that have been strictly imposed on society since the beginning of the pandemic will no longer be needed. The overall response strategy to COVID-19 will need to change accordingly, based on evaluations of the level of population immunity. These changes will include more efficient and targeted contact tracing and eased quarantine measures for vaccinated close contacts and travelers. Mask wearing and a minimum of social distancing will still be required in the journey towards the end of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic will end, but the virus will not disappear.
Summary
Korean summary
한국을 포함한 많은 국가에서 예방접종률 70~80% 달성을 목표로 집단면역을 달성하는데 집중하고 있으나, 집단면역 달성은 코로나19 퇴치를 의미하지 않으며, 집단면역을 달성해 나가는 과정에서 여러 어려움이 발생할 수 있다. 코로나19의 전반적인 영향력이 계절성 인플루엔자와 같은 관리가능한 수준으로 낮아진다면 현재의 코로나19 대응조치들은 인구집단의 면역 수준을 고려하여 점차 완화될 것이지만 마스크 착용과 최소한의 사회적 거리두기는 당분간 지속될 것이며, 코로나19 대유행이 끝나더라도 바이러스는 사라지지 않을 것이다.
Key Message
Achieving herd immunity does not mean eradicating COVID-19, and some challenges can occur in the process of achieving herd immunity. When the impact of COVID-19 is controlled to the level of seasonal influenza, the current public health measures that have been strictly imposed on society since the beginning of the pandemic will no longer be needed. The overall response strategy to COVID-19 will need to change accordingly, based on evaluations of the level of population immunity. However, mask wearing and a minimum of social distancing will still be required in the journey towards the end of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic will end, but the virus will not disappear.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Art of State-Societal Reconfiguration in a Time of Pandemic Crisis: A Health System Resilience Typology and Comparative Analysis Between Transcending Nations (the US, UK, and India) and Coping Nations (South Korea and Taiwan)
    Ming-Sin Choong, Ying-Che Hsieh, Chan-Yuan Wong
    East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal.2024; : 1.     CrossRef
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Original Articles
Comparison of estimates and time series stability of Korea Community Health Survey and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ji Son Ki, Ho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019012.   Published online April 7, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019012
  • 14,881 View
  • 287 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
In South Korea, there are two nationwide health surveys conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: the Korea Community Health Survey (KCHS) and Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The two surveys are directly comparable, as they have the same target population with some common items, and because both surveys are used in various analyses, identifying the similarities and disparities between the two surveys would promote their appropriate use. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the estimates of six variables in KCHS and eight variables in KNHANES over a six-year period and compare time series stability of region-specific and sex- and age-specific subgroup estimates.
METHODS
Data from adults aged 19 years or older in the 2010-2015 KCHS and KNHANES were examined to analyze the differences of estimates and 95% confidence interval for self-rated health, current smoking rate, monthly drinking rate, hypertension diagnosis rate, diabetes diagnosis rate, obesity prevalence, hypertension prevalence, and diabetes prevalence. The variables were then clustered into subgroups by city as well as sex and age to assess the time series stability of the estimates based on mean square error.
RESULTS
With the exception of self-rated health, the estimates taken based on questionnaires, namely current smoking rate, monthly drinking rate, hypertension diagnosis rate, and diabetes diagnosis rate, only differed by less than 1.0%p for both KCHS and KNHANES. However, for KNHANES, estimates taken from physical examination data, namely obesity prevalence, hypertension prevalence, and diabetes prevalence, differed by 1.9-8.4%p, which was greater than the gap in the estimates taken from questionnaires. KCHS had a greater time series stability for subgroup estimates than KNHANES.
CONCLUSIONS
When using the data from KCHS and KNHANES, the data should be selected and used based on the purpose of analysis and policy and in consideration of the various differences between the two data.
Summary
Korean summary
본 연구는 지역사회건강조사와 국민건강영양조사의 2010년부터 2015년까지 6년간의 자료로 각각 6개, 8개 변수의 추정치를 비교하였다. 설문변수 간의 추정치 차이보다 설문변수와 검진변수간의 추정치의 더 차이가 컸고 하위그룹별 시계열 변동은 지역사회건강조사가 더 안정적이었다.

Citations

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  • Variability Test of Estimates of Korea Community Health Survey Data in Gyeongsangnam-do (2008-2018)
    Youngjun Seon, Baekgeun Jeong, Boyeong Jin, Zunghun Lim, Changjin Cho, Youngeun Son, Dong Wook Kim
    Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2023; 48(3): 281.     CrossRef
  • Measurement of physical activity and sedentary behavior in national health surveys, South America
    Danilo R. Silva, Luciana L. Barboza, Se-Sergio Baldew, Cecilia Anza-Ramirez, Robinson Ramírez-Vélez, Felipe B. Schuch, Thayse N. Gomes, Kabir P. Sadarangani, Antonio García-Hermoso, Ramfis Nieto-Martinez, Gerson Ferrari, J. Jaime Miranda, André O. Werneck
    Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública.2022; 46: 1.     CrossRef
  • Differences in accuracy of height, weight, and body mass index between self-reported and measured using the 2018 Korea Community Health Survey data
    Yoonsil Ko, Sunhye Choi, Jisoo Won, Yeon-Kyeng Lee, Dong-Hyun Kim, Seon Kui Lee
    Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022024.     CrossRef
Estimating causal associations of atopic dermatitis with depression using the propensity score method: an analysis of Korea Community Health Survey data, 2010-2013
Hayon Michelle Choi, Dahye Kim, Whanhee Lee, Ho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018059.   Published online November 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018059
  • 14,621 View
  • 193 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Numerous studies have reported associations between atopic dermatitis (AD) and depression, but the causal relationship between the 2 diseases has not been established. Therefore, this study used the propensity score method to investigate whether there was a positive causal effect of AD on depression in 16 regions (cities and provinces) in Korea.
METHODS
The study analyzed 16 regions (cities and provinces) in Korea, using data obtained from the Korea Community Health Survey for the years 2010-2013. Propensity score matching was used to estimate the causal influence of AD on depression in Korea.
RESULTS
After propensity score matching, the standardized difference for each covariate among the 16 regions (cities and provinces) was less than 1, indicating a balance between the case and control groups. At the national level, those diagnosed with AD had a 2.31 times higher risk for being diagnosed with depression than those who had not been diagnosed with AD. In particular, the risk was highest in North Jeolla Province (odds ratio [OR], 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28 to 10.43) and lowest in Gwangju (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.87 to 3.79), and the OR for Seoul was 2.23 (95% CI, 1.66 to 2.99).
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides insights into how causal inferences can be derived from observational studies, through an analysis of Korea Community Health Survey data. Furthermore, the study results have implications for region-specific guidelines for preventive health policies targeting depression.
Summary
Korean summary
성향 점수 매칭을 이용하여 전국 및 16개 시/도 별 아토피 피부염과 우울증 사이의 인과성을 추정한 결과, 전국에서 아토피 피부염을 진단 받은 사람이 진단 받지 않은 사람들에 비해 우울증 위험도가 2.38배 높았다(CI: 1.29-4.38).

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    Xiao‐ce Cai, Si‐han Wang, Chun‐xiao Wang, Liu Liu, Jiao Wang, Yu‐hong Shen, Xin Li
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  • Risk of depression in patients with atopic dermatitis: An updated systematic review and meta‐analysis of children, adolescent and adult groups
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The association between smoking or passive smoking and cardiovascular diseases using a Bayesian hierarchical model: based on the 2008-2013 Korea Community Health Survey
Whanhee Lee, Sung-Hee Hwang, Hayoung Choi, Ho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017026.   Published online June 22, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017026
  • 20,215 View
  • 414 Download
  • 30 Web of Science
  • 51 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Smoking and passive smoking have been extensively reported as risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the biological mechanisms underlying the impact of hazardous chemical substances contained in tobacco in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), studies investigating the association between smoking and passive smoking with morbidity are at an inchoate stage in Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the risks of smoking and passive smoking on cardiovascular morbidity at the national and regional levels.
METHODS
This study calculated sex-standardized and age-standardized prevalence of CVD and smoking indices in 253 community health centers (si/gun/gu) in Korea using the 2008-2013 Korea Community Health Survey data. Furthermore, a Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate the association of smoking and passive smoking with the prevalence of CVD from the national and regional community health centers.
RESULTS
At the national level, smoking was significantly associated with stroke (relative risk [RR], 1.060) and hypertension (RR, 1.016) prevalence, whilst passive smoking at home and work were also significantly associated with prevalence of stroke (RR, 1.037/1.013), angina (RR, 1.016/1.006), and hypertension (RR, 1.010/1.004). Furthermore, the effects of smoking and passive smoking were greater in urban-industrial areas than in rural areas.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study would provide grounds for national policies that limit smoking and passive smoking, as well as regionally serve as the basis for region-specific healthcare policies in populations with high CVD vulnerability.
Summary
Korean summary
베이지안 계층화 방법을 이용하여 흡연 및 간접 흡연과 심혈관계 질환 유병의 전국 및 시/군/구별 연관성을 추정한 결과, 흡연은 뇌졸중 (RR=1.060) 과 고혈압 (RR=1.016) 유병에 유의하게 연관되었다.

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Analysis of the relationship between community characteristics and depression using geographically weighted regression
Hyungyun Choi, Ho Kim
Epidemiol Health. 2017;39:e2017025.   Published online June 21, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017025
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AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Achieving national health equity is currently a pressing issue. Large regional variations in the health determinants are observed. Depression, one of the most common mental disorders, has large variations in incidence among different populations, and thus must be regionally analyzed. The present study aimed at analyzing regional disparities in depressive symptoms and identifying the health determinants that require regional interventions.
METHODS
Using health indicators of depression in the Korea Community Health Survey 2011 and 2013, the Moran’s I was calculated for each variable to assess spatial autocorrelation, and a validated geographically weighted regression analysis using ArcGIS version 10.1 of different domains: health behavior, morbidity, and the social and physical environments were created, and the final model included a combination of significant variables in these models.
RESULTS
In the health behavior domain, the weekly breakfast intake frequency of 1-2 times was the most significantly correlated with depression in all regions, followed by exposure to secondhand smoke and the level of perceived stress in some regions. In the morbidity domain, the rate of lifetime diagnosis of myocardial infarction was the most significantly correlated with depression. In the social and physical environment domain, the trust environment within the local community was highly correlated with depression, showing that lower the level of trust, higher was the level of depression. A final model was constructed and analyzed using highly influential variables from each domain. The models were divided into two groups according to the significance of correlation of each variable with the experience of depression symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS
The indicators of the regional health status are significantly associated with the incidence of depressive symptoms within a region. The significance of this correlation varied across regions.
Summary
Korean summary
정신질환 중 가장 흔한 우울증의 경우 집단의 특성 간 발생 현황에 차이를 보이고 있어 지역별 접근을 통한 연구가 요구됨에 따라 본 연구에서는 우울증의 지역적 변이요인을 분석하여 지역별 중재가 필요한 건강결정요인을 파악하고자 지역사회건강조사 자료를 이용하여 공간적 지리가중회귀분석을 시행하였다. 본 연구를 통해 지역단위보건관련지표는 지역의 우울증 발생과 유의미한 연관성이 있으며 연관성 우선순위는 지역별 차이가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 지역적 특성에 따른 우선순위를 제시하였음에 본 연구의 의의가 있으며 공중 보건 영역의 다른 사례에 본 연구방법론 및 연구결과 제시 방안을 적용함에 따라 지역의 건강수준향상 프로그램 개발에 유용한 기초자료의 제공을 기대할 수 있다.

Citations

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  • A geographically weighted artificial neural network
    Julian Hagenauer, Marco Helbich
    International Journal of Geographical Information Science.2022; 36(2): 215.     CrossRef
  • Spatial Dependence in Local Suicide Ideation and Actual Suicide among the Elderly: A Comparative Study between Men and Women
    Taewan Kim, Hee-Jung Jun
    Journal of Korea Planning Association.2021; 56(4): 49.     CrossRef
  • Geographic Disparities in Stress Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Kuwait
    Mohammad Alnasrallah, Ibrahim Alshehab
    Papers in Applied Geography.2020; 6(4): 449.     CrossRef
  • Visual Analysis of Regional Variations in Antidepressant Use and Suicide Rate
    Ho-Jung Kim, Iyn-Hyang Lee
    Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy.2018; 28(4): 308.     CrossRef
The effect of community-level smoke-free ordinances on smoking rates in men based on Community Health Surveys
Hye Ah Lee, Hyesook Park, Ho Kim, Kyunghee Jung-Choi
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014037.   Published online December 26, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014037
  • 19,382 View
  • 154 Download
  • 12 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
As one of smoke-free policies, communities have established the smoke-free ordinances since August 2010. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of community-level smoke-free ordinances (SFO) on smoking rates in men using multiyear Community Health Survey (CHS) data.
METHODS
Data on community-level SFO were collected from a website on Enhanced Local Laws and Regulation Information System. Regional smoking-related data were obtained from CHS data from 2008 to 2012 and the age-standardized rates of current smoking in men, attempts to quit smoking, and smoke-free campaign experiences including the mean number of cigarettes smoked (smoking amount) were calculated. Repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of regional implementation of SFO and the duration on change of smoking rates.
RESULTS
Overall current smoking rates and daily mean cigarettes smoked were lower in community where SFO had been implemented compared to those without implementation, and there was a significant difference in smoking rates between 2010 and 2008. Cross-sectional analysis of the effects of regional SFO revealed clear difference in rate of current smoking, but longitudinal analysis showed no significant differences. Stratifying by age groups, however, showed that groups less than 30 years of age had low smoking rates in community with ordinance compared to those without SFO since 2010. Yearly surveys measuring the number of cigarettes smoked, attempts to quit smoking, and experiences of smoke-free campaigns showed regional differences in the duration of implementation, but these differences were not significant in longitudinal analysis. Furthermore, there was a difference in regional socioeconomic characteristics between community with and without SFO implementation.
CONCLUSIONS
For effective smoking control, it is necessary to evaluate current policies and develop indices to evaluate the practical implementation of ordinances. As more communities to pass the SFO, long-term observation and assessments required.
Summary
Korean summary
2008년부터 2012년까지 조사된 지역사회건강조사 자료를 이용하여, 지역별 금연 조례 시행에 대한 효과를 평가한 연구 결과로, 종단적 분석을 통해 접근하였을 때 시간에 따른 흡연율 감소 폭은 조례 시행/미시행 지역간에 차이를 보이지 않았으며, 지역의 사회경제적 특성 요인에 차이가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 효과적인 흡연 규제를 위해, 현 시행중인 정책에 대한 효과 평가 및 장기적인 평가가 필요하다.

Citations

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  • Effects of municipal smoke-free ordinances on secondhand smoke exposure in the Republic of Korea
    Siwoo Kim, Yuri Lee, Changwoo Han, Min Kyung Kim, Ichiro Kawachi, Juhwan Oh
    Frontiers in Public Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • What explains the link between childhood ADHD and adolescent depression? Investigating the role of peer relationships and academic attainment
    Victoria Powell, Lucy Riglin, Gemma Hammerton, Olga Eyre, Joanna Martin, Richard Anney, Anita Thapar, Frances Rice
    European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.2020; 29(11): 1581.     CrossRef
  • Attitudes of Korean smokers towards smoke-free public places: findings from the longitudinal ITC Korea Survey, 2005–2010
    Eunja Park, Sung-il Cho, Hong Gwan Seo, Yeol Kim, Hyun-Suk Jung, Pete Driezen, Janine Ouimet, Anne C K Quah, Geoffrey T. Fong
    BMJ Open.2019; 9(8): e025298.     CrossRef
  • Second‐hand smoke prevalence in 252 regions of South Korea in three exposure locations
    Li‐Yuan Sun, Jae‐Hyun Park
    Japan Journal of Nursing Science.2018; 15(3): 210.     CrossRef
  • The effect of contextual factors on unintentional injury hospitalization: from the Korea National Hospital Discharge Survey
    Hye Ah Lee, Hyejin Han, Seonhwa Lee, Bomi Park, Bo Hyun Park, Won Kyung Lee, Ju Ok Park, Sungok Hong, Young Taek Kim, Hyesook Park
    BMC Public Health.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Potential Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Cigarette Smoke‐Associated Diseases
    A-Reum Ryu, Do Hyun Kim, Eunjoo Kim, Mi Young Lee, Ji C. Bihl
    Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Affecting Factors of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Korea: Focused on Different Exposure Locations
    Li-Yuan Sun, Hae-Kwan Cheong, Eun-Whan Lee, Kyeong-Jin Kang, Jae-Hyun Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2016; 31(9): 1362.     CrossRef
Editorial
Suggestions for establishing a sustainable risk communication platform for carcinogenic factors
Keeho Park, Yong-Chan Kim, Youngho Kim, Meeyoung Cha, Woon Heui Han, Dae-Kyu Oh
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014034.   Published online December 9, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014034
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AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
no abstract due to Editorial
Summary
Special edition
Efficacy of hepatitis vaccination
Kyung Ho Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 1982;4(1):46-51.
  • 5,426 View
  • 19 Download
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Abstract
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