Warning: fopen(/home/virtual/epih/journal/upload/ip_log/ip_log_2024-04.txt): failed to open stream: Permission denied in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 83 Warning: fwrite() expects parameter 1 to be resource, boolean given in /home/virtual/lib/view_data.php on line 84 Epidemiology and risk factors of voluntary pesticide poisoning in Morocco (2008-2014)
Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search
Advanced Search
mobile menu button

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Epidemiol Health > Volume 39; 2017 > Article
Original Article
 Epidemiology and risk factors of voluntary pesticide poisoning in Morocco (2008-2014)
Zineb Nabih1orcid, Latifa Amiar2orcid, Zakaria Abidli1orcid, Maria Windy3orcid, Abdelmajid Soulaymani1orcid, Abdelrhani Mokhtari1orcid, Rachida Soulaymani-Bencheikh3,4orcid
Epidemiol Health 2017;39:e2017040.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2017040
Published online: September 1, 2017

1Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

2Faculty of Science and Technology, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier, Morocco

3Moroccan Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center, Rabat, Morocco

4Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Correspondence: Zineb Nabih Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco E-mail: Zineb-na1@hotmail.fr
• Received: July 22, 2017   • Accepted: September 1, 2017

©2017, Korean Society of Epidemiology

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • 12,649 Views
  • 267 Download
  • 8 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
  • 10 Scopus
Full Article

Download PDF Download PDF

  • OBJECTIVES
    To determine the epidemiological profile and risk factors of voluntary poisoning by pesticides.
  • METHODS
    A retrospective analysis was conducted of all cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides registered at the AntiPoison and Pharmacovigilance Center of Morocco between January 2008 and December 2014.
  • RESULTS
    During the study period, 2,690 cases of acute pesticide poisoning were registered. The region of Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer accounted for the largest proportion, with 598 cases. The average age of the patients was 24.63±10.29 years. The sex ratio (female-to-male) was 0.45. Adults and teenagers were most affected by this type of poisoning, with 1,667 cases (62.0%) and 806 cases (30.0%), respectively. Suicide attempts accounted for 98.4% of the cases (2,469 cases). Pesticide poisoning occurred more often in urban zones (64.8%). Insecticides were incriminated in 14.0% of cases, with a mortality rate of 4.2%. Among the 1,635 patients for whom the outcomes were known, 154 died, corresponding to a mortality rate of 5.7%.
  • CONCLUSIONS
    Voluntary intoxication by pesticides presents a real scourge that affects public health, and in this study, we developed an epidemiological profile of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, this study has limitations in that it did not evaluate the impact of the socioeconomic and psychological factors that are important contributors to this type of poisoning.
  • Keywords: Poisoning, Voluntary, Epidemiology, Pesticide, Risk factors, Morocco
Pesticides constitute a very heterogeneous group of chemical substances designed to destroy unwanted plants, insects, and rodents, and they mainly include weed-killers, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides, and rodenticides. These phytosanitary products all possess a certain level of toxicity for humans, with variable intensity [1].
In parts of some developing countries, pesticide poisoning causes more deaths than infectious diseases. The use of pesticides is poorly regulated and often dangerous; moreover, they are easily available, which makes them a popular method of self-harm [2]. According to a report of the World Health Organization, the number of annual pesticide poisoning cases is estimated to be between 1 and 5 million, including several thousand fatal cases [3].
The proposed link between human exposure to pesticide and nervousness, anxiety, and depression, leading farmers to suicidal acts, is an important health concern in rural populations in Brazil [4]. A total of 11 studies on depression and 14 studies on suicide showed links to the use of pesticides. Increased risks of depression or other psychiatric disorders have been associated with previous pesticide poisoning in 5 studies, with statistically significant odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 2.08 to 5.95 [5]. In Morocco, the voluntary use of pesticides for suicide or criminal purposes has become increasingly alarming. According to a study conducted between 1989 and 2007 at the Moroccan Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center (MAPPC) of 10,332 collected cases of acute pesticide poisoning, 55.15% voluntary poisoning, and 99.00% of those cases were suicide attempts [6].
The aim of this study was to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes of voluntary poisoning by pesticides reported to the MAPPC between 2008 and 2014, as well as to analyze the risk factors associated with voluntary pesticide poisoning.
The MAPPC is a public institution established by the Ministry of Health with the mandate of managing poisonings in Morocco. It is dedicated to its functions of vigilance and announcing sanitary alerts. It collects information on poisonings and creates national databases. This study was conducted using data collected by the MAPPC.
The present study is a retrospective analysis of all cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides collected at the toxicological information unit of the MAPPC over a period of 7 years, from January 2008 to December 2014. Concerning the data processing, we used some descriptive statistical tools: namely, frequencies, averages, specific fatality rate, and mortality rate.
A descriptive analysis was conducted of the characteristics of the intoxicated patients (sex, age, and place of residence), characteristics of the toxicant (product family), and characteristics of the poisoning (type of poisoning, circumstance, symptomatology, gradation, and outcomes). Age was analyzed according to the distribution of the International Programme on Chemical Safety [7]: child, 5-14 years; adolescent, 15-19 years; adult, 20-74 years; elderly, 75 years of age or older.
Severity was evaluated using the poisoning score severity scale [8]: grade 0 (none), absence of sign or symptom; grade 1 (minor), symptoms slight, transient, and disappearing spontaneously; grade 2 (moderate), prolonged symptoms; grade 3 (severe), serious or life-threatening symptoms; grade 4 (fatal), death.
The contingency test (chi-square) and the calculation of ORs allowed us to study the associations between the studied variables and outcomes. The fatality and mortality rates were also calculated in order to characterize the gravity of the problem in a precise manner.
This study analyzed 2,690 cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides reported to the MAPPC during the period between 2008 and 2014. The distribution of these cases varied slightly across this time interval, with a peak of 541 cases observed in 2012. However, the peak of the specific fatality rate occurred in 2011, with a percentage of 9.09% (Figure 1).
The highest rate of voluntary poisoning by pesticides was recorded in the Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer region with 598 cases, followed by the Meknes-Tafilalt region with 332 cases; however, the highest mortality was recorded in the Guelmim Es-Smara region with 1.60 per 100,000 inhabitants, followed by Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer with 1.43 per 100,000 inhabitants. The least affected region was Oueded Dahab-Lagouira, with only 3 cases (Figure 2).
Table 1 presents the epidemiological characteristics of the studied population and the characteristics of the poisonings. Voluntary poisoning by pesticides mainly took place in adults (62.0% of cases), with a specific fatality of 6.5%, followed by teenagers (30.0%), but the highest fatality rate was observed in toddlers (25.0%). The average age of the intoxicated patients was 24.63± 10.29 years. Females were most often affected 66.5% (p< 0.001); however, a higher fatality rate was observed in males (7.8%), and the sex ratio (male/ female) was 0.45. Intoxication cases of urban origin accounted for 64.8% of all cases, with a specific fatality of 5.9%. Symptomatic patients accounted for 73.5 % (p< 0.001), and the toxicant was ingested orally in 97.8% of cases. The severity of voluntary poisoning was predominantly moderate (grade 2) (44.1%). Among the 1,635 patients for whom the outcomes were known, 154 died, corresponding to a fatality rate of 5.7%. Insecticides were incriminated in 14.0% of cases, with a fatality rate of 4.2%.
The distribution of the poisoning cases according to circumstances showed that suicide attempts accounted for 98.4% of cases (2,469 cases), and adult females were the most commonly affected group, accounting for 39.5% of cases (992 cases), followed by teenager girls (24.5%, 616 cases) and female children (4.5%, 114 cases). Criminal circumstances, addiction, and abortion accounted for 0.6, 0.5, and 0.5% of cases, respectively (Table 2). Insecticides were most commonly used in suicide attempts, in 46.4% of cases, followed by rodenticides (37.1% of cases) (Table 3).
Figure 3 is a synthesis of the clinical manifestations by the category of effects according to the system or the affected organ. The number of signs observed was 591, distributed throughout different systems. Clinical signs specific to the gastrointestinal system and the central and peripheral nervous system were found with a frequency of 65.9% (n= 383) and 20.7% (n= 120), respectively.
In order to highlight the factors influencing the prognosis of patients voluntarily poisoned by pesticides, we studied the effects of sex, age, place of residence, clinical status, and type of poisoning. Sex and clinical status were risk factors with a significant influence on the health status of the studied patients. Females had twice as high a risk of death as males (relative risk [RR], 2.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 2.43). Furthermore, asymptomatic patients had almost twice as high of a risk of progressing to death as those with clinical signs (RR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.62) (Table 4). This analysis was performed among people whose outcomes could be confirmed.
As in many other countries, in Morocco, voluntary poisoning by pesticides is responsible for many deaths each year, and is considered to be a major public health issue.
In our study, we recorded 2,690 cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides between 2008 and 2014. Suicide attempts accounted for 98.4% of these poisonings, while poisonings with criminal intent, with the goal of causing abortion, and due to drug addiction represented only a small percentage. This rate is very high compared to what has been reported in the literature [9,10], but it is also underestimated in relation to the reality of the phenomenon. Studies on suicide attempts and suicides have shown that every year, nearly 1 million people die of suicide around the world [11]. Suicide attempts are a relatively common cause of hospitalization in emergency departments [12].
In Morocco, this practice is a taboo subject, as suicide attempts are forbidden in the religious and social context of Moroccan society; once perpetrated, the family of the subject lives in unspoken shame.
In our series of cases, of the 2,690 cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides, 2,469 were suicide attempts. A study found an association between pesticide exposure and suicide in Brazil [13]. International studies, most notably in the US [14], France [15], Costa Rica [16], and South Africa [17], have shown a greater risk of psychiatric problems, mainly depression, in people exposed to pesticides, especially those who have suffered from pesticide poisoning.
In our study, voluntary poisoning affected both sexes, with a female predominance and a higher fatality in males. Our results agree with those of numerous studies, both domestic and international [18-20], which have reported that the rates of suicide attempts were 2-3 times higher among girls than among boys. The average age of the patients was 24.63 ± 10.29 years. Adults and teenagers were most commonly affected. According to Amos et al. [21], voluntary poisoning has become an increasingly common response to emotional distress in adults; in addition to mental pathologies, certain events (such as unemployment, divorce, over-indebtedness, bereavement, and domestic violence) can trigger a loss of self-esteem, a withdrawal into oneself, and finally a depressive state that can lead to a suicide attempt. Moreover, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is accompanied by numerous physical and psychological changes. Thus, it is a delicate phase of life where teenagers are relatively vulnerable [22].
The region of Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer was the most affected by this type of poisoning; despite the very precise and strict laws regarding pesticide use in Morocco, these laws remain only a formality, since the prohibited products are still available on the national market by clandestine sales or smuggling. Therefore, we note the recommendation of certain products for a specific type of crop, or even for “domestic” use [6].
In terms of clinical parameters, important results were observed in different systems. Of note, the gastrointestinal system was affected in 65.9% of cases, and hepatotoxicity was commonly observed because the liver is a target of many toxins due to its high blood flow and its link to systemic circulation. The next most commonly affected system was the central and peripheral nervous system, with 20.7% of cases. Many studies have shown that several pesticides exert a neurotoxic action in humans and that a potential link between exposure to certain pesticides and Parkinson disease may exist, following the increase in stress markers of oxidation, in addition to other forms of neuronal degeneration and developmental abnormalities [23].
In conclusion, voluntary intoxication by pesticides presents a real scourge that affects public health, and in this study, we developed an epidemiological profile of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, this study has certain limitations, because it did not evaluate the impact of the socioeconomic and psychological factors that are important for understanding this type of poisoning. The data presented in this study are therefore suitable for use in public health endeavors with the goal of reducing fatalities. Voluntary poisoning by pesticides is preventable by strengthening awareness-raising campaigns, education, and communication about this issue in all regions of Morocco.
The authors are pleased to acknowledge the Moroccan AntiPoison and Pharmacovigilance Center (MAPPC) for providing the facilities for the research. in addition to the entire research team of the Genetics and Biometry Laboratory at Ibn Tofail University. This work was carried out within the framework of the Priority Project PPR-B-Mokhtari-FS-UIT Kenitra.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare for this study.

Figure 1.
Distribution of voluntary poisoning cases (n=2,690) by pesticides according to years and specific lethality (p<0.001).
epih-39-e2017040f1.gif
Figure 2.
Distribution of voluntary poisoning cases (n=2,690) by pesticides according to region and mortality (p<0.001).
epih-39-e2017040f2.gif
Figure 3.
Distribution of clinical manifestations among patients (n=596) intoxicated voluntary by pesticides according to the system or organ concerned (p<0.001).
epih-39-e2017040f3.gif
Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects who experienced voluntary pesticide poisoning
Variables Case (%) Clinical status
 p-value
Recovery Death Unknown
Age group <0.001
 Newborns 1 (0.1) 0 0 1
 Toddlers 4 (0.1) 2 1 1
 Children 146 (5.4) 97 6 41
 Teenagers 806 (30.0) 489 37 272
 Adults 1,667 (62.0) 1,011 108 535
 Elderly 7 (0.3) 3 1 2
 Unknown 59 (2.2) 33 1 49
Sex <0.001
 Female 1,788 (66.5) 1,121 87 561
 Male 812(30.2) 470 63 273
 Unknown 90 (3.3) 44 4 67
Place of residence <0.001
 Urban 1,742 (64.8) 1,124 102 510
 Rural 705 (26.2) 400 36 265
 Unknown 243 (8.7) 111 16 126
Place <0.001
 Home 2,339 (87.0) 1,460 129 750
 Workplace 4 (0.1) 3 0 1
 Public 68 (2.5) 45 3 20
 Prison 4 (0.1) 3 0 1
 Unknown 275(10.2) 124 22 129
Clinical status
 Asymptomatic 712(26.5) 499 31 182
 Symptomatic 1,978(73.5) 1,136 123 719
Pathway <0.001
 Oral 2,630 (97.8) 1,595 151 858
 Inhalation 20 (0.8) 13 0 7
 Injectable 4 (0.1) 4 0 0
 Transplacental 2 (0.1) 2 0 0
 Unknown 34(1.3) 21 3 36
Grade <0.001
 Grade 0 (none) 427(15.9) 393 0 34
 Grade 1 (minor) 254 (9.4) 237 0 17
 Grade 2 (moderate) 1,185 (44.1) 800 0 390
 Grade 3 (severe) 242 (9.0) 161 0 77
 Grade 4 (fatal) 154 (5.7) 0 154 0
 Unknown 428(15.9) 44 0 383
Type of pesticide <0.001
 Fungicide 5 (0.2) 2 0 3
 Herbicide 18 (0.7) 12 2 4
 Insecticide 376(14.0) 201 16 159
 Rodenticide 301 (11.2) 191 12 98
 Unkown 1,990 (74.0) 1,229 124 637
Table 2.
Distribution of the circumstances of poisoning by age group
Circumstances Children (n=143)
 Teenagers (n=774)
 Adults (n=1,586)
 Elderly (n=7)
 Total
Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
Abortion 1 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 12
Criminal 3 2 3 0 2 6 0 0 16
Suicide attempt 114 23 616 149 992 568 1 6 2,469
Substance addiction 0 0 3 0 7 3 0 0 13
Total 118 25 625 149 1,009 577 1 6 2,510
Table 3.
Distribution of the types of pesticides used according to circumstances
Type of pesticide Circumstances
 Total
Abortion Criminal Suicide attempt Addiction
Fungicide 0 0 5 0 5
Herbicide 0 0 18 0 18
Insecticide 1 2 372 1 376
Pesticide 0 0 5 0 5
Rodenticide 1 2 297 0 300
Unknown 1 0 94 2 97
Total 3 4 791 3 801
Table 4.
Effects of the studied characteristics on the outcomes of the patients
Variables Healings Death RR (95% CI) p-value
Sex Male 470 63 2.10(1.23, 2.43) 10.02
Female 1,121 87 1.00 (reference)
Age (yr) >15 1,504 146 0.73 (0.33,1.61) 0.59
≤15 98 7 1.00 (reference)
Origin Urban 1,124 87 0.99 (0.67,1.47) 0.002
Rural 400 63 1.00 (reference)
Clinical status Symptomatic 1,136 123 1.74 (1.16, 2.62) 7.29
Asymptomatic 499 31 1.00 (reference)
Type of poisoning Isolated 1,613 154 0.47 (0.64, 3.58) 0.54
Collectif 22 1 1.00 (reference)

RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval.

  • 1. Cherin P, Voronska E, Fraoucene N, De Jaeger C. Acute toxicity of pesticides in human. Med Longev 2012;4:68-74 (French).
  • 2. Eddleston M, Karalliedde L, Buckley N, Fernando R, Hutchinson G, Isbister G, et al. Pesticide poisoning in the developing world: a minimum pesticides list. Lancet 2002;360:1163-1167.ArticlePubMed
  • 3. World Health Organization. Children are facing high risks from pesticide poisoning; 2004 [cited 2017 Sep 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2004/np19/en/.
  • 4. Sousa Passos CJ. Human exposure to pesticides: a risk factor for suicide in Brazil? VertigO 2006;doi: https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.2098 (French).Article
  • 5. Freire C, Koifman S. Pesticides, depression and suicide: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013;216:445-460.ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Idrissi M, Ait Daoud N, Ouammi L, Rhalem N, Soulaymani A, Soulaymani Bencheikh R. Acute pesticide poisoning: data from the anti-poison center (1989–2007). Toxicol Maroc 2010;4:5-7 (French).
  • 7. World Health Organization. Poisoning prevention and management. [cited 2017 Sep 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ipcs/poisons/en/.
  • 8. Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998;36:205-213.ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Villa A, Cochet A, Guyodo G. Poison episodes reported to French poison control centers in 2006. Rev Prat 2008;58:825-831 (French).PubMed
  • 10. Lebel G, Tairou FO, Lefebvre L. Frequency of calls for poisoning at the Quebec Poison Control Center 1989-2007. Business & Information Systems Engineering 2009;20:1-16 (French).PubMed
  • 11. Le Bihan D, Poupon C, Amadon A, Lethimonnier F. Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;24:478-488.ArticlePubMed
  • 12. Ho TP, Tay MS. Suicides in general hospitals in Hong Kong: retrospective study. Hong Kong Med J 2004;10:319-324.PubMed
  • 13. Faria NM, Fassa AG, Meucci RD. Association between pesticide exposure and suicide rates in Brazil. Neurotoxicology 2014;45:355-362.ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Stallones L, Beseler C. Pesticide poisoning and depressive symptoms among farm residents. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:389-394.ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Weisskopf MG, Moisan F, Tzourio C, Rathouz PJ, Elbaz A. Pesticide exposure and depression among agricultural workers in France. Am J Epidemiol 2013;178:1051-1058.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 16. Wesseling C, van Wendel de Joode B, Keifer M, London L, Mergler D, Stallones L. Symptoms of psychological distress and suicidal ideation among banana workers with a history of poisoning by organophosphate or n-methyl carbamate pesticides. Occup Environ Med 2010;67:778-784.ArticlePubMed
  • 17. London L, Beseler C, Bouchard MF, Bellinger DC, Colosio C, Grandjean P, et al. Neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental effects of pesticide exposures. Neurotoxicology 2012;33:887-896.ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 18. Ouammi L, Rhalem N, Aghandous R, Semlali I, Badri M, Jalal J, et al. Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center of Morocco: epidemiological profile of poisoning in Morocco. Toxicol Maroc 2009;1:8-13 (French).
  • 19. Mahir S, Soulaymani A, Hami H, Mokhtari A, Benali D, Ouammi L. Suicide by intoxication in the region of Souss-Massa Dara in Morocco. Sante Publique 2013;25:126 (French).
  • 20. Lewinsohn PM, Joiner TE Jr, Rohde P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 2001;110:203-215.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 21. Amos A, Wiltshire S, Haw S, McNeill A. Ambivalence and uncertainty: experiences of and attitudes towards addiction and smoking cessation in the mid-to-late teens. Health Educ Res 2006;21:181-191.ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 22. de Pourtalès MA, Hazen C, Cottencin O, Consoli SM. Adolescence, substance abuse and suicide attempt by jumping from a window. Presse Med 2010;39:177-186 (French).ArticlePubMed
  • 23. McCormack AL, Thiruchelvam M, Manning-Bog AB, Thiffault C, Langston JW, Cory-Slechta DA, et al. Environmental risk factors and Parkinson’s disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat. Neurobiol Dis 2002;10:119-127.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Exposure of children to glyphosate in Morocco: Urinary levels and predictors of exposure
      Imane Berni, Aziza Menouni, Matteo Creta, Ibrahim El Ghazi, Radu-Corneliu Duca, Lode Godderis, Samir El Jaafari
      Environmental Research.2023; 217: 114868.     CrossRef
    • Acute pesticide poisoning in the central part of Iran: A 4-year cross-sectional study
      Nastaran Eizadi-Mood, Razieh Mahvari, Mahsa Akafzadeh Savari, Ehsan Mohammadbeigi, Awat Feizi, Parisa Mirmoghtadaei, Ramin Sami, Rokhsareh Meamar
      SAGE Open Medicine.2023; 11: 205031212211473.     CrossRef
    • Surveillance of pesticide poisoning in an East and a West Malaysian hospital: characteristics of pesticide poisoning and the early impact of a national Paraquat ban
      Lai Fong Chan, Song Jie Chin, Tsui Huei Loo, Ravivarma Rao Panirselvam, Shu-Sen Chang, Hwei Yuen Chang, Anissa Raudhah Mokhzani, Farynna Hana Ab Rahman, Leah Utyasheva, Michael Eddleston
      BMC Psychiatry.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Situation Analysis of Suicide and Self-Harm in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
      Annette Erlangsen, Murad Khan, Wen Su, Khawlah Alateeq, Fatma Charfi, Trine Madsen, Ping Qin, Britt Reuter Morthorst, Morten Thomsen, Aiysha Malik, Piumee Bandara, Alexandra Fleischmann, Khalid Saeed
      Archives of Suicide Research.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
    • The Risk Factors and Pesticide Poisoning among Horticultural Farmers: A Pilot Study in Indonesia
      Fitria Saftarina, Jamsari Jamsari, Masrul Masrul, Yuniar Lestari
      Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 10(E): 506.     CrossRef
    • Suicide attempts in Morocco: A systematic review
      Achbani Abderrahmane, Ahmed Kharbach, Hajar Azzine, Abdelmajid Lkoul, Youssef Bouchriti, Zakariae Cherrat, Nadia Ezzahir, Mohamed Boukrim, Hasnaa Sine
      Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique.2022; 70(5): 243.     CrossRef
    • Características sociodemográficas y clínicas relacionadas con la condición final de pacientes intoxicados por paraquat en un hospital del suroccidente de Colombia
      Yalila Andrea Ordóñez-Zarama, Daniel Jurado-Fajardo, María Camila Paredes-Panesso, David Alejandro Rosero-Bello, Franco Andrés Montenegro-Coral, José Alirio Risueño-Blanco
      Biomédica.2022; 42(3): 479.     CrossRef
    • Pesticide Poisoning and the Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Indonesian Farmers
      Tri Joko, Nikie A. Y Dewanti, Hanan L. Dangiran
      Journal of Environmental and Public Health.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
    • Acute pesticide poisonings epidemiology in El Salvador
      Edgar Remberto Quinteros Martinez, José Alejandro López Vásquez
      ALERTA Revista Científica del Instituto Nacional de Salud.2019; 2(2): 125.     CrossRef
    • Assessment of genetic diversity and bioremediation potential of pseudomonads isolated from pesticide-contaminated artichoke farm soils
      Wafa Hassen, Mohamed Neifar, Hanene Cherif, Mouna Mahjoubi, Yasmine Souissi, Noura Raddadi, Fabio Fava, Ameur Cherif
      3 Biotech.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef

    Figure
    Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
    © Korean Society of Epidemiology.