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Original Articles
Associations between socioeconomic status and blood cadmium levels in Korea
Yongho Jee, Sung-il Cho
Epidemiol Health. 2019;41:e2019018.   Published online May 15, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019018
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  • 213 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract AbstractSummary PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
Although smoking is associated with both low socioeconomic status and blood cadmium (Cd) levels, the association between socioeconomic status and Cd levels remains unclear. Therefore, our study aimed to examine this association and to clarify whether smoking is a confounding or mediating variable in this relationship.
METHODS
Data (n=7,734) were drawn from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008- 2011), including years that contained data on blood Cd and urinary cotinine levels. We investigated the associations of income, education, and occupation with blood Cd levels. Smoking was investigated by categorizing participants by smoking status (never, former, and current) and pack-years into quartiles. The weekly frequency of rice and barley intake was analyzed to gain insights into participants’ dietary patterns. Additionally, urinary cotinine levels were used to ensure the validity of the smoking variables.
RESULTS
Participants earning a low income and with less formal education had higher blood Cd levels. After controlling for smoking, the association between income and Cd levels substantially weakened. Further controlling for education, the association between income and Cd levels disappeared. However, there was a strong negative association between education and Cd levels, even after controlling for smoking history, pack-years, and urinary cotinine levels.
CONCLUSIONS
In cross-sectional data from the KNHANES, blood Cd levels were significantly higher among those with a low income and less formal education. Smoking history contributed to, but did not fully explain, these associations.
Summary
Korean summary
흡연은 낮은 사회경제적 상태와, 높은 혈중 카드뮴 상태 등과 관련이 있다고 보고가 되어 왔지만, 사회경제적 상태와 혈중 카드뮴 상태의 연관성은 불분명하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 혈중 카드뮴 농도와 사회경제적 상태와의 관련성을 분석하고, 흡연이라는 변수가 이 관련성에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 보고자 하였다.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Association between drinking water quality and mental health and the modifying role of diet: a prospective cohort study
    Shuduo Zhou, Mintao Su, Peng Shen, Zongming Yang, Pengfei Chai, Shengzhi Sun, Hongbo Lin, Liming Shui, Na Zhang, Ming Xu, Zhi-Jie Zheng, Jianbing Wang, Zhenyu Zhang, Kun Chen
    BMC Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cross-level interaction between individual education and regional chemical fertilizer consumption on the risk of hypertension: evidence from the China hypertension survey
    Jiajia Li, Zengwu Wang, Shiqi Lin, Lijun Pei, Linfeng Zhang, Xin Wang, Zuo Chen, Congyi Zheng, Yuting Kang, Lu Chen, Haoqi Zhou, Runlin Gao
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2023; 30(3): 6390.     CrossRef
  • The effect of blood cadmium levels on hypertension in male firefighters in a metropolitan city
    Ye-eun Jeon, Min Ji Kim, Insung Chung, Jea Chul Ha
    Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interactions between Environmental Factors and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Genes with Respect to Detectable Blood Aluminum Concentrations in Jamaican Children
    Mohammad H. Rahbar, Maureen Samms-Vaughan, Yuansong Zhao, Sepideh Saroukhani, Jan Bressler, Manouchehr Hessabi, Megan L. Grove, Sydonnie Shakespeare-Pellington, Katherine A. Loveland
    Genes.2022; 13(10): 1907.     CrossRef
  • Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Urinary Cadmium in Women from Northern Mexico
    Ángel Mérida-Ortega, Lizbeth López-Carrillo, Karla Rangel-Moreno, Natalia Ramirez, Stephen J. Rothenberg
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(23): 12581.     CrossRef
Socioeconomic disparities and difficulties to access to healthcare services among Canadian children with neurodevelopmental disorders and disabilities
Sana Raouafi, Sofiane Achiche, Maxime Raison
Epidemiol Health. 2018;40:e2018010.   Published online March 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2018010
  • 12,906 View
  • 218 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to identify the associations of levels of severity of neurodevelopmental disorders and disabilities (NDD/D) in children with their household socioeconomic status (SES) and their frequency of visits to a healthcare provider, and to examine how the severity of disability varied with these determinants among NDD/D subgroups, in order to inform possible social policy changes and to improve access to the healthcare system.
METHODS
Data from the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey on children aged 5-14 years, collected by Statistics Canada, were analyzed (n=7,072 and weighted n=340,340). Children with NDD/D constituted those with impairments in motor, speech, neurosensory, and psychological functioning, as well as those who had issues with learning/cognition and social interactions. The weighted sample size for this group was n=111,630 (total sample size for children with limitations: n=174,810). We used logistic regression to assess the associations of household SES and frequency of visits to a healthcare provider with disability level. We included NDD/D subgroups as interaction terms in the model. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was conducted to develop a profile of disability level.
RESULTS
After-tax low income, family assistance, out-of-pocket expenses, needing but not receiving health services from a social worker, condition of the dwelling, and residential location were associated with the severity of NDD/D. Using MCA, 2 disability profiles could be identified based on access to healthcare, household income status, and condition of the dwelling.
CONCLUSIONS
More social interventions are needed to reduce difficulties in accessing healthcare and to diminish the socially determined health inequalities faced by children with NDD/D.
Summary

Citations

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  • Parent Perspectives: Understanding the Postschool Concerns of Parents of Transition-Age Youth With Disabilities
    Kelli A. Sanderson, Jennifer L. Bumble
    Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals.2023; 46(3): 120.     CrossRef
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    H Moriah Sokolowski, Brian Levine
    Brain.2023; 146(2): 438.     CrossRef
  • Perceived household financial decline and physical/mental health among adolescents during the COVID-19 crisis: Focusing on gender differences
    Nari Yoo, Sou Hyun Jang
    Preventive Medicine Reports.2023; 32: 102119.     CrossRef
  • Association between children's health-related quality of life, healthcare costs and socioeconomic position: Results from a longitudinal Australian-based study
    Ha N.D. Le, Fiona Mensah, Katherine Lange, Jess A. Kerr, Ben Edwards, Yichao Wang, Terry Dwyer, Melissa Wake, Lisa Gold
    Social Sciences & Humanities Open.2023; 8(1): 100547.     CrossRef
  • Factors Affecting Access to Healthcare Systems for Children under Five Years with Disability in Low Resource Setting: A Case Study of Wajir County Referral Hospital, Kenya
    Kivuti-Bitok L.W., Kiprop N.C.
    International Journal of Public Health and Pharmacology.2023; 3(1): 92.     CrossRef
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    Mariana Ribeiro, Juliana Santos, Náguia Medeiros, Kênnea Ayupe, Hércules Leite, Ana Cristina Camargos
    International Journal of Developmental Disabilities.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Association of Intellectual Disability with Delayed Presentation and Worse Outcomes in Emergency General Surgery
    Allyse N. Zondlak, Esther J. Oh, Pooja U. Neiman, Zhaohui Fan, Kathryn K. Taylor, Naveen F. Sangji, Mark R. Hemmila, John W. Scott
    Annals of Surgery.2023; 278(5): e1118.     CrossRef
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    Emily Gardiner, Vivian Wong, Grace Lin, Anton R. Miller
    BMC Health Services Research.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Rose Calixte, Elizabeth P. Helzner, Sumaiya Islam, Marlene Camacho-Rivera, Susmita Pati
    Children.2022; 9(12): 1798.     CrossRef
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    Qualitative Social Work.2021; 20(5): 1356.     CrossRef
  • A national harmonised data collection network for neurodevelopmental disorders: A transdiagnostic assessment protocol for neurodevelopment, mental health, functioning and well‐being
    Kelsie A. Boulton, David Coghill, Natalie Silove, Elizabeth Pellicano, Andrew J. O. Whitehouse, Mark A. Bellgrove, Nicole J. Rinehart, Suncica Lah, Marie‐Antoinette Redoblado‐Hodge, Nadia Badawi, Helen Heussler, Nicole Rogerson, Joshua Burns, Michelle A.
    JCPP Advances.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Socioeconomic status and uptake of reproductive carrier screening in Australia
    Stephen J. Robson, Melody Caramins, Mirette Saad, Graeme Suthers
    Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2020; 60(6): 976.     CrossRef
  • Concerns and stress caused by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic:
    Kenji YOMODA
    Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences).2020; 65: 757.     CrossRef
  • A Real-World Analysis of Prescribing Patterns and Non-persistence of Anti-TNFα Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    Eun Jin Jang, Jung Eun Ha, Seul Gi Im, Myeong Gyu Kim, Hyun Soon Sohn
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    Taha Itani, Dheeraj Rai, Tim Jones, Gemma M. J. Taylor, Kyla H. Thomas, Richard M. Martin, Marcus R. Munafò, Neil M. Davies, Amy E. Taylor
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Influence of behavioral determinants on deviation of body mass index among 12-15 years old school children of Panchkula
Amandeep Chopra, Nanak Chand Rao, Nidhi Gupta, Shelja Vashisth, Manav Lakhanpal
Epidemiol Health. 2014;36:e2014021.   Published online September 29, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2014021
  • 17,408 View
  • 131 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the body mass index (BMI) and factors related to BMI in 12-15 years old adolescents attending school in the Panchkula district of Haryana, India.
METHODS
Our multistage sampling method enrolled 810 adolescents. Demographic data and dietary history data over 5 days were recorded. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI, which was further categorized according to the World Health Organization classification system. Diet was analysed using the Nizel criteria and socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed using Prasad’s socioeconomic classification. The chi-squared test and analysis of variance test were performed, and a multinomial regression analysis was performed to find significant correlates with BMI.
RESULTS
The prevalences of underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity were 13.6, 58.4, 22.7, and 5.3%, respectively. The prevalence of both overweight and obesity was higher among males than that among females. The overall food group, nutrient, sweet, and oral health diet scores were higher among overweight and obese adolescents. Adolescents attending public school were 2.62 times more likely than private school adolescents were to be underweight. Private school adolescents were 2.08 times more likely than public school adolescents were to be overweight. Those with a high SES, vegetarians, and those aged 15 years were highly likely to be obese.
CONCLUSIONS
We found 41.6% of these adolescents to have a BMI that deviated from the norm. Important factors related with BMI were age, gender, socioeconomic score, mean daily diet score, and the type of school.
Summary

Citations

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  • Heavy menstrual bleeding among women aged 18–50 years living in Beijing, China: prevalence, risk factors, and impact on daily life
    Chengyi Ding, Jing Wang, Yu Cao, Yuting Pan, Xueqin Lu, Weiwei Wang, Lin Zhuo, Qinjie Tian, Siyan Zhan
    BMC Women's Health.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    In-Seok Song, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Jun Ryu, Jun-Beom Park
    Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
The Associations between Social Support, Health-Related Behaviors, Socioeconomic Status and Depression in Medical Students
Yoolwon Jeong, Jin Young Kim, Jae Seon Ryu, Ko eun Lee, Eun Hee Ha, Hyesook Park
Epidemiol Health. 2010;32:e2010009.   Published online November 24, 2010
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2010009
  • 18,704 View
  • 148 Download
  • 33 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVES</title><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of depression in medical students and to evaluate whether interpersonal social support, health-related behaviors, and socio-economic factors were associated with depression in medical students.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS</title><p>The subjects in this study were 120 medical students in Seoul, Korea who were surveyed in September, 2008. The subjects were all women and over the age of 20. Their age, body mass index (BMI), quality of sleep, diet, household income, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise levels, and self-reported health status were surveyed. The degree of perceived social support was measured using the interpersonal support evaluation list (ISEL). Depression was evaluated using the center for epidemiology studies depression scale (CES-D).</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS</title><p>The mean CES-D score was 14.1±8.6 and 37.1% of the participants appeared to suffer from depression. Low levels of perceived interpersonal support increased the risk of depression by more than 10 times and having higher household income did not necessarily decrease the risk of depression.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION</title><p>Medical students have a relatively high level of depression. Efforts should be made to encourage social support in order to promote mental health in medical students.</p></sec>
Summary

Citations

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Related Factors with Decreased Physical Function in the Community-Dwelling Elderly in Chuncheon: Hallym Aging Study(HAS).
Sun Ae Jeon, Jin Young Jeong, Seok Won Park, Young Ho Choi, Moon Gi Choi, Kyung Soon Hong, Sang Kon Lee, Hyun Ah Kim, Dong Hyun Kim
Korean J Epidemiol. 2008;30(2):216-229.   Published online December 31, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4178/kje.2008.30.2.216
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
This study was conducted to elucidate the related factors with the decreased physical function in the community- dwelling elderly in Chuncheon. We used data obtained from Hallym Aging Study(HAS) from January to May in 2007. The participants were 505 elderly aged 65 years or over after excluding those who didn't complete physical function test and aged < 65. The measurement of physical function was based on the "Health Aging and Body Composition Study Physical Performance Battery(H-ABC PPB)" that included semi-tandem stance, tandem stance, single leg stance, 6m general walk, 6m narrow walk, and chair stand test. And we also included grip strength test. Overall physical function based on H-ABC PPB decreased with age in both men and women. Smoking appeared to increase the risk of decreased function of chair stand in women (adjusted OR=3.8, 95% CI=1.2-12.6). Regular exercise was found to reduce the risk of decreased physical function in both men(Balance OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.2-1.0; Usual walk OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2- 0.9) and women(Balance OR=0.4, 95% CI=0.2-1.0; Usual walk OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.1- 0.9); Narrow walk OR=0.2, 95% CI=0.1-0.8). Higher level of education seemed to be associated with higher functional performance. It needs further researches on the effect of education on the physical function of the elderly in this population.
Summary

Citations

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  • Comparison of intradialytic neuromuscular electrical stimulation and oral nutritional supplements in hemodialysis patients: study protocol for a multicenter, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial in Korea
    Mi-yeon Yu, Jae Hyeon Park, Yong Chul Kim, Jae Yoon Park, Ran-hui Cha
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    Ji Yeon Ha, Belong Cho, Misoon Song, Jaeyoung Lim, Ga Hye Kim, Young-soon Jung, Yeon-Hwan Park
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Socioeconomic Differentials in Mortality: A Cohort Study in 759,665 Korean men.
Yun Mi Song
Korean J Epidemiol. 1998;20(2):219-225.
  • 5,633 View
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AbstractAbstract PDF
Abstract
BACKGROUND
The relationship between Socioeconomic status(SES) and mortality, commonly studied in the developed countries but not in the less developed countries, was evaluated in a cohort of 759,665 Korean male public servants aged 30-64.
METHODS
Data on the biological and social characteristics, SES defined as the grade of monthly salary were obtained from the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation. Vital status of the study subjects was followed-up from 1992 to 1996 through the dataset of the Korea National Statistical Office. The risk of ortality associated with SES was estimated using Cow proportional hazard model.
RESULTS
There were total 13,330 deaths during the five-year follow-up period. Lowest-SES group had significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to the highest-SES group(Relative risk [RR]: 1.52). Mortality from cancer(RR=1.19) and cerebrovascular disease(RR=1.58) were also significantly increased in the lowest SES group. Mortality from ischemic heart desease, however, had no relationship with SES.
CONCLUSIONS
Socioeconomic differentials in mortality were reconfirmed in Korean men. The differences in the relationship between mortality and SES according to the specific cause of death suggest that SES influence health through the various pathways.
Summary
Epidemiol Health : Epidemiology and Health
© Korean Society of Epidemiology.